Home / Current Issue / Paper 1703029
Prism Monitoring: Obstructions Delay-Time Effect on Measurement Accuracy
Subject area: Science,Engineering and Technology · Area of research: Mine Surveying
Abstract
Total stations being a lightweight and handy integrated equipment, is being worshipped as a solution for acquiring correct data for timely project completion in surveying. Though there are emerging technologies like the Global Positioning System (GPS), Unman Aero Vehicle, and scanners, the total station remains the preferred, and dominant instrument currently in surveying because of its high accuracy, durability, and incorporates many functionalities than others. However, this high accuracy is dependent on a clear line-of-sight. In this research, selected temporary obstructions of opaque nature were used to obstruct the line-of-sight between the instrument and reflector at regular time interval. This was intended to examine the effect on the accuracy of distance measurement. It was observed that, significantly the obstructions resulted in readings that fall within the accuracy of ?2mm. In practice, all the readings are not likely to be obstructed and that would therefore further improve the accuracy.
Keywords
Accuracy, error, line-of-sight effect, prism monitoring, temporary obstruction, total station
References
[1] Falak, A. (2019) Total Station Components, Functions, Advantages of Total Station Survey. Civil Engineering. Available online at: https://engineeringcivil.org/articles/surveying/total-station-components-functions-advantages-of-total-station-survey/. Retrieved on March 5, 2021. Link
[2] Lemmens, M. (October 2016). Total Stations: the Surveyor’s Workhorse. GIM International. Available online at: https://www.gim-international.com/content/article/total-stations-the-surveyor-s-workhorse. Retrieved on March 30, 2021 Link
[3] Beshr, A. A. and Elnaga, I A. M. (February 2012). Investigating the accuracy of digital levels and reflectorless total stations for purposes of geodetic engineering. Alexandria Engineering Journal (2011) 50, 399–405 doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2011.12.004.
[4] Afeni, T. B and Cawood F. T. (September 2016). ‘Total Station Survey Monitoring Through an Observation Window: A Systematic Error Correction to Remove the Effects of Glass Properties’. South African Journal of Geomatics, Vol. 5. No. 2, (2016). <http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v5i2.3>.
[5] Lienhart, W. (October 2017). Geotechnical monitoring using total stations and laser scanners:critical aspects and solutions. J Civil Struct Health Monit (2017) 7:315–324 DOI 10.1007/s13349-017-0228-5
[6] Shiu, R.; Kang, S., Han, J., M.; and Hsieh, S. (August 2011): Modeling Systematic Errors for the Angle Measurement in a Virtual Surveying Instrument. American Society of Civil Engineers. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000046. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259451126.
[7] Afeni, T.B. - An approach to eradicate the effects of atmospheric variations on total station distance measurement in a surface mine environment. The impact of taking measurement through a glass medium”. PhD Thesis, Dept. Mining. Eng. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2011.
[8] Chen, C. (2017). ‘A non-line-of-sight error mitigation method for location estimation. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks’. 2017, Vol. 13(1) DOI: 10.1177/1550147716682739.
[9] Randall, O. -‘Factors to Be Considered When Applying Atmospheric Corrections to Prism Monitoring Measurements’. Master’s Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2018.
[10] Leica Geosystems (2018). Leica FlexLine TS03/TS07 Manual Total Stations, v5.0.1en. Leica Geosystems AG, Switzerland.
[11] Afeni, T.B. and Cawood, F.T. (February 2013). Slope Monitoring using Total Station: What are the Challenges and How Should These be Mitigated? South African Journal of Geomatics, Vol. 2, No. 1, February 2013
[12] Hooson, M. D. -A Comparison of the Limitations and Accuracy of both Obstructed Prism and Obstructed Non-Prism Measurements. A Bachelor Dissertation, University of Southern Queensland, Australia, 2015
[13] Lenda G., Uznański, A. and Strach, M. (2019). Influence of time delays of robotic total stations witch high sampling frequency on accuracy of measurements to moving prisms. Archive of Civil Engineering. VOL LXV Issue 1, 2019 DOI: 10.2478/ace-2019-0003.
[14] South Surveying & Mapping (2011). Operational Manual for NTS-360R
[15] Wyllie D. C. and Mah C. W. (2004). Rock slope engineering: civil and mining—4th ed. Spon Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 0-203-57083-9 (Adobe eReader Format) Chapter 13, pp 325-330
[16] Osasan K. S. and Afeni T. B. (2010). REVIEW OF SURFACE MINE SLOPE MONITORING TECHNIQUES. Journal of Mining Science, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2010. 1062-7391/10/4602-0177-2010 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
[17] Leoni L., N Coli, P Farina, F Coppi, A Michelini, TA Costa, TAV Costa, F Costa. (2015). ‘On the use of ground-based synthetic aperture radar for long-term slope monitoring to support the mine geotechnical team’. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, ISBN 978-0-9924810-2-5. doi:10.36487/ACG_rep/1508_58_Farina
[18] Kumar A. and Rathee R. (2017). Monitoring and evaluating of slope stability for setting out of critical limit at slope stability radar. International Journal of Geo-Engineering. DOI 10.1186/s40703-017-0054-y
[19] Thomas H. G. - Slope Stability Prism Monitoring: A Guide for Practicing Mine Surveyors. Master’s Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2011
[20] Monir M. U. (June 2014). Estimation of vertical distance and Reduce Level using modern mine survey equipments (Total Station) at sub level in Madhapara Granite mine, Bangladesh. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2014, pp. 75~81 ISSN: 2252-8814
[21] Uren J. and Price B. Surveying for engineers 5th Edition. ISBN: 978–0–230–22157–4, 2010, Ch. 6, pp. 192-205
[22] Raeva P. L., Filipovaa S. L. and Filipov D. G. (July 2016). VOLUME COMPUTATION OF A STOCKPILE – A STUDY CASE COMPARING GPS AND UAV MEASUREMENTS IN AN OPEN PIT QUARRY. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B1, 2016 XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic
[23] ISO 17123-5. Optics and optical instruments – Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments – Part 5: Total Station, (ISO, 2018).
[24] ISO 5725 SERIES. Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and result. (ISO, 2020).
How to cite this paper
@article{1703029,
author = {Daguwor K. Dennis, Thomas B. Afeni, Afolabi F. Isiaka},
title = {Prism Monitoring: Obstructions Delay-Time Effect on Measurement Accuracy},
journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
year = {2021},
volume = {5},
number = {6},
pages = {110-117},
issn = {2456-8880},
url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/17030291.pdf},
abstract = {Total stations being a lightweight and handy integrated equipment, is being worshipped as a solution for acquiring correct data for timely project completion in surveying. Though there are emerging technologies like the Global Positioning System (GPS), Unman Aero Vehicle, and scanners, the total station remains the preferred, and dominant instrument currently in surveying because of its high accuracy, durability, and incorporates many functionalities than others. However, this high accuracy is dependent on a clear line-of-sight. In this research, selected temporary obstructions of opaque nature were used to obstruct the line-of-sight between the instrument and reflector at regular time interval. This was intended to examine the effect on the accuracy of distance measurement. It was observed that, significantly the obstructions resulted in readings that fall within the accuracy of ?2mm. In practice, all the readings are not likely to be obstructed and that would therefore further improve the accuracy.},
keywords = {Accuracy, error, line-of-sight effect, prism monitoring, temporary obstruction, total station},
month = {December},
}