Pesticides are the biological toxicants, which are being used by the man to kill the pests for increasing the yield of many crops and insect vectors to control the spread of disease. The use of pesticides has caused severe environmental and health hazards to organisms including human beings. Excessive use of pesticides may lead to the destruction of biodiversity. Many birds, aquatic organisms and animals are under the threat of harmful pesticides for their survival. This article intends to discuss about pesticides and their ill impact on biodiversity and environment.

Pharmacodynamics shows what a drug does to the human body. It also involves receptor binding, postreceptor binding and chemical interactions. “Pharmaco “ means “drug” and “dynamics” means “power”. There is a term called pharmacokinetics, it explains how the body processes the drug. It is mainly focused on the drug and the body. But pharmacodynamics shows the interactions between the drugs and the pathogen (which is responsible for the infection in the patient) present in the human body. Primary pharmacodynamics is based on the mode of action of drugs and effects in relation to its desired therapeutic target. Nowadays, pharmacodynamics are in pain management also. Their mechanism of action on the microorganism and other parasites within or on the body. There are several mechanisms ( pharmacodynamics ) by which drugs can interact as pharmacokinetics ( absorption, metabolism etc..) or may be combined interaction. Pharmacodynamics shows the response of the body to the drugs given. It gives the relation between the concentration of the drug and the resulting effects on the body. Toxicodynamics is the toxicological part of pharmacodynamics. Both are impotant since the drug given to the patient lowers the serum concentration in the body. Here we can see the overview of the action of drugs.

In this paper, a new high step-up cascaded DC-DC converter is presented. The first stage of the proposed converter is a buck-boost converter with modified converter topology. The second stage is a boost converter with coupled inductor and voltage multiplier cells. The literature has reported on various voltage-boosting techniques, in which fundamental energy storing elements (inductors and capacitors) and/or transformers in conjunction with switch and diode(s) are utilized in the circuit. These techniques include switched capacitor (charge pump), voltage multiplier, switched inductor/voltage lift, magnetic coupling, and multistage/-level, and each has its own merits and demerits depending on application, in terms of cost, complexity, power density, reliability, and efficiency. The energy stored in the leakage inductor of the coupled inductor is recycled by a passive voltage clamp to a capacitor thereby improving the efficiency. Besides, the blocking voltage across the MOSFET switch is reduced in the proposed topology due to voltage clamp circuit. Finally, broad applications of dc–dc converters are presented and summarized with comparative study of different voltage-boosting techniques. The steady-state analysis of the proposed converter is presented in the paper.

Some of the sensitive loads like the communication equipments, computer systems and process automation equipments could introduce voltage imbalance in the single phase power supply. In order to enhance the voltage or to manage the voltage regulators were used which introduced input side and output side harmonics. This paper is an attempt to develop an ac-ac buck boost topology that would introduce the voltage regulation in single phase AC systems. The system consists of an AC chopper which is derived from the DC buck boost chopper. The AC buck boost chopper would work in four quadrant operation and thus needs the bidirectional switches to operate it. According to the IEEE 519 standard for the total harmonic distortion (THD) the input current THD must be less than 5%. Thus an input side LC filter is used to obtain the input current THD reduction. The higher efficiency AC chopper for voltage regulation is developed with the regenerative DC snubber connected to the switches which observe the energy stored in the stray inductance. Matlab Simulink model is created to have a closed loop operation of the implementation with the zero crossing detectors and to engage in the PWM that it would provide for the voltage regulation. An open loop AC chopper circuit is designed with comparison of RL load and R load. The FFT analysis is carried out in order check the Total Harmonic Distortion of source current, output voltage and current.

In this paper, we determine an irreducible and doubly even code [23,11,8]. We determine and discuss the properties of designs related to this code