CALL FOR PAPER - Vol 9 - Issue 8

This research paper presented the investigation of the concentration of selected criteria pollutants from Industrial activities in Bonny Island. The research was carried out for a total of two months, each both at the rainy and dry seasons. Readings were taken at a distance of 100meters from the stack emitting gaseous pollutants from the NLNG plant. Air pollutant parameters measured were PM2.5, PM10, CO, NOX, O3 and SO2 in line with international standards. The determination of selected criteria pollutants [CO, NOX, O3, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10] content of Bonny Island environments during dry and wet seasons at selected sampling point for 2 months each in the studied environment showed concentrations ranging from 0.142 to 0.599, 0.005 to 0.013, 0.011 to 0.023, 0.002 to 0.004, 5.80 to 43.45 and 6.32 to 47.25ug/m3 for dry seasons of CO, NOX, O3, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10; and 0.458 to 0.821, 0.002 to 0.013, 0.011 to 0.027, 0.002 to 0.004, 5.0 to 38.29, and 4.84 to 19.76ug/m3 for wet season of CO, NOX, O3, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10 respectively. Results of the analysis conducted showed that CO, NOX, O3, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10 concentration were below World Health Organizations [WHO] allowable limits and are acceptable for human.

Groundwater is an important and vital water resources, its demand had increased due to increase in population and enhanced standards of living. In this study a total of 30 water samples from borehole and well water were analyzed using Rad7 (Durrige) radon detector to determine radon concentration from parts of Damaturu metropolitan. The data generated was then used to evaluate radiological hazards posed to the public. The radon (Rn-222) concentration in the surface water varied from 0.35 to 3.08Bq/L with a mean value of 1.23?0.09Bq/L against the global average of 11Bq/L and thoron (Rn-220) was not detected in the ground water. In other to assess hazards due to radon concentration in the water to the people, the annual effective doses (AED) were computed. For ingestion of radon in water the AED varied from 1.14 to 7.86?Sv/y with a mean value of 3.11?0.34 ?Sv/y while inhalation of radon from water varied from 1.03 to 8.57?Sv/y with a mean value 1.26?0.28 ?Sv/y respectively. The total AED due to ingestion and inhalation of radon in water ranged from 1.10 to 5.87?Sv/y with a mean value of 1.14?0.38 ?Sv/y. The results for water radon concentration have shown that people are safe for using the water for drinking, cooking bathing and other domestic purposes.

The aim of this work is to determine the fungi associated with post-harvest diseases of different species of ripe paw paw (Carica papaya). In this study, the fungi associated with post-harvest diseases of different species of ripe paw paw, the result shows the total heterotrophic count of fungi isolated from ripe paw paw shows the fungal count ranges from 1.6?105 to 5.0?105cfu/g. The frequency of occurrences of fungi associated with ripe paw paw showed that of the three fungi species isolated from samples, Rhizopus sp. 6(40%) is the most predominant followed by Penicillium sp. 5(33.3%) and Aspergillus spp. 4(26.7%). It is advisable that ripe paw paw should be disposed instead of being consumed since its consumption could be detrimental to health. In addition, food handlers on our market should handle food product with care by practicing proper hygiene in the market environment, by using clean water to wash food products to avoid contamination by micro-organisms present in the water.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was a major tax reform that aimed at unifying the tax system and making it more transparent. However, some large sectors, such as petroleum, alcohol, and electricity, have been left out, resulting in uneven taxation and loss of input credit benefits. This paper examines their exclusion reasons, estimates the economic and fiscal effects of their inclusion, and identifies the benefits and challenges for the central and state governments. It uses only secondary data from government publications, research papers, and policy reports. In fact, the results indicate that the inclusion may lead to a simpler tax system, greater transparency, and strengthened fiscal coordination, though state compensation and implementation that is done with care are still necessary. The paper ends with the suggestion that a phased-in approach would help achieve a balanced, efficient, and growth-oriented tax framework for ??India.

In the diverse and linguistically rich region of Sub-Saharan Africa, multilingual classrooms are becoming the norm rather than the exception. However, the traditional design of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education often fails to accommodate the cultural and linguistic realities of these learning environments. This review paper explores the intersection of STEM and cross-cultural education, examining how inclusive pedagogical strategies can bridge the gap between standardized STEM curricula and the dynamic cultural-linguistic identities of learners. Drawing on interdisciplinary research in education, sociolinguistics, and cognitive science, the paper highlights successful models of inclusive teaching, examines barriers to equity in STEM learning, and proposes culturally responsive frameworks tailored to the unique needs of multilingual classrooms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The review further emphasizes teacher training, policy shifts, and the integration of indigenous knowledge systems as central to educational transformation. Ultimately, this paper aims to contribute to the growing discourse on decolonizing STEM education while promoting equity, participation, and cognitive accessibility for all learners.

Silent Speech Recognition (SSR) addresses critical communication challenges in noisy environments and for individuals with speech impairments. This research presents a novel vision-based SSR system employing a Hybrid 3D Convolutional Neural Network (3D-CNN) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) architecture. Unlike acoustic speech recognition systems that fail in silent or noisy conditions, our approach exclusively leverages visual information from lip movements. The system integrates automated Region-of-Interest (ROI) extraction, spatiotemporal feature learning through 3D convolution, and bidirectional temporal modeling with Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss. Experimental validation on the GRID Corpus benchmark demonstrates superior performance with Word Error Rate (WER) of 17.06% and Character Error Rate (CER) of 7.12%, representing 44.3% improvement over traditional Hidden Markov Models and 20.3% improvement over 2D- CNN baselines. Ablation studies confirm that 3D convolution con- tributes 4.34 percentage points improvement while bidirectional processing adds 2.14 points. This work establishes a foundation for practical camera-based silent communication systems with applications in assistive technology, military operations, and industrial environments.

The paper industry currently depends on forest trees as fibre sources for paper production, contributing to deforestation which destroys ecosystems that are vital to wildlife and humans alike. Deforestation represents a growing threat to all lives on earth, driving dangerous carbon emissions and exacerbating the climate crisis. Like the oceans, forests absorb excess atmospheric carbon dioxide, serving as a much-needed buffer against irreversible climate change. In a bid to address deforestation caused by the paper industry, this study investigated the potentials and suitability of pineapple crowns (wastes) as fibre sources for sustainable paper production. The pineapple crowns were de-fiberized and fibre dimensions were examined. Fibre length, fibre diameter, lumen width and cell wall thickness were found to be 2.54 mm, 35.19 ?m, 36.67 ?m and 5.75 ?m respectively. Pulping was done through soda pulping method, papers were produced with the resulting pulps, the papers exhibited different tensile strength values ranging from 188.667 N/m2 to 248.667 N/m2, elongation @ break and force @ Peak(N) of papers were found to have different values. The chemical components, fibre dimensions, and tensile properties exhibited, all show that pineapple crowns have great potentials for paper production.

This study examines how organizational structure or internal control mechanisms affect the effectiveness and efficiency of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Nigeria's Ondo State. SMEs are essential to economic growth, but because of inadequate internal controls and poorly defined organizational structures, many of them struggle with operational inefficiencies, financial mismanagement, and sustainability issues. Targeting SMEs in a variety of Ondo State sectors, the study used a descriptive survey approach guided by contingency theory. Regression analysis, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics were used to examine 331 valid replies in total. The results show that the financial performance of SMEs is significantly improved by the efficacy of internal control systems, which also improves resource utilization, fraud prevention, and accountability. It was also discovered that organizational structure plays a major impact in decision-making and operational efficiency, with governance frameworks, clear role descriptions, and communication routes enhancing productivity and responsiveness. Additionally, the long-term viability of SMEs was found to be strongly positively correlated with the combined effect of strong internal controls and cohesive organizational structures, which allowed for enhanced competitiveness and flexibility in response to environmental changes. According to the study's findings, SMEs' resilience and growth depend on their internal control systems being in line with appropriate organizational structures. It advises SME owners to codify operational structures, implement proactive internal control measures, and use technology to improve efficiency and governance. Policymakers and development organizations should help SMEs by providing resources, regulatory frameworks, and training to institutionalize efficient control and structure procedures. This study adds to the body of literature by offering empirical data from the local area regarding the relationship between organizational structure, internal controls, and SME performance in a developing economy.

Single-agent Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate limitations in complex decisionmaking scenarios, including domain-specific bias, overconfidence, and inability to integrate diverse perspectives. This paper presents the MultiAgent Debate System (MADS), a collaborative AI architecture leveraging specialized agents to generate robust insights through structured argumentation. Implemented using CrewAI framework with Llama 3 models via Groq's LPU infrastructure, MADS orchestrates three specialized agents (Advocate, Critic, Judge) in sequential debate workflows. Testing on interdisciplinary datasets demonstrates 73% improvement in argument quality over singleagent baselines, with average response generation under 8 seconds. The system produces multi-format outputs (transcripts, summaries, PDF reports) accessible to nontechnical users. By replicating human deliberative processes through agent-based debate, MADS advances interpretable, transparent AI decision-support systems while addressing critical gaps in crossdomain reasoning and perspective integration.

The world?s constant combat towards global issues such as climate change, pollution, violence, security, terrorism, etc., all rooted from danger inflicted activities or interests has taken its toll accelerating our extinction. The list goes on and in just a snap, we were all consumed by the infamous COVID-19. This pneumonia-like disease has launched a global economic tsunami and disruption to our lives that was later on declared as a pandemic. With no available cure yet, there were few safety measures practiced globally namely social distancing, quarantine, and mass testing. In order to contain and avoid further spread of the virus, we were forced to adapt to the new normal. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) has become an inseparable part of our daily lives ergo, the increase in PPE production, which is considered inevitable, leads to a surge in global plastic waste. COVID-19 waste has become a new form of pollution caused by mass production of single-use PPE with no structured waste management that floods our ocean beds. Manufacturers are now looking for alternatives to decrease plastic waste and to shift to a more sustainable and circular PPE ecosystem. Philippines, as the second top exporter of bananas in the world, would a banana pseudo-stem fiber be the most promising business venture opportunity at post-COVID stage?

Shopping has changed as a result of the influence of technology with most people preferring online shopping to the traditional physical store shopping. This trend took center stage in the past decade with many retail giants integrating the two approaches to achieve maximum benefit. This research aims to understand the comparison between online shopping & physical store shopping and consumer behavior towards these modes of shopping. This paper identifies and discusses that male population tend to shop more online shopping rather than physical shopping. For safety of payment more preference is given to shopping malls related to physical shopping. People are slowly going for online shopping but the majority mentality of people goes to physical shopping as it is having trust, feel and touch of the product. In our research we have found out that FlipKart and Jabong are the major players in the online retail and online shopping is here to stay and number of people favoring this mode is growing day by day.

The Burj Khalifa is known to be the tallest skyscraper ever built by man and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. At over 828 meters (2716.5 feet) and more than 160 stories, Burj Khalifa is a multi-use development tower that includes a hotel, observation deck, restaurant, fitness and recreation club, and 37 floors of corporate offices. The project to build the Burj Khalifa tower is one of the most successful projects in the Middle East and in the world to date. It was planned by the Dubai government with the purpose of making the city a hub for finance, trade, and tourism. The project spanned for 6 years from 2004 to 2009 and was designed to be the centerpiece of the large scale Burj Khalifa Development that would rise into the sky to an unprecedented height. As listed in burjkhalifa.ae (2018), the completion of the tower has broken numerous world records such as Tallest Building in the World, Highest Number of Stories in the World, Highest Outdoor Observation Deck in the World, and many more. Agreed that that there are many iconic structures around the world, of which Dubai still plays host to most of them, the Burj Khalifa is not only the tallest and one of the most glamorous, with a lot to learn from its project design, process and implementation. The research work is designed to x-ray the entire project, its phases and the factors that led its successful completion.

The research paper explained the role and the importance of customer satisfaction and loyalty in detail. Customers are the link to an any level and type of business success. A business organization should focus on a large number of customers, for this customer satisfaction and loyalty should be incorporated along the long-term goals and other strategic dimensions without any failure. This paperis focusing onanalysing the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer relationship with service quality measures. The objective of this research is to study the concept of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and its relationship. Moreover, this paper studies the factors that influence customer satisfaction and loyalty at large scale. This paper also analyses the factors that have impact on customer satisfaction and result in customer loyalty in multiple contexts. Recommendations on improving the service quality and getting customer retention are ultimately proposed by the author to do the business in more effective and efficient way. Customer satisfaction index (CSI)provides an economic indicator of the quality of economic output; calculation of the net present value of the company?s customer base as an asset over time; information for strategic business applications; a predictor of consumer spending & corporate earnings. In this paper the focus of research is customer satisfaction index as a base for new strategic marketing management implementation level to attain sustainability.

Today, ethics has an important place in all areas of life. Education is also a fundamental process of human life. Therefore, in education ethics has a very important and effective role. In order to be a good human, ethics should be placed as a course in educational system. In this paper, it will be discussed the ethics education in schools. In doing this, it will be also discussed why teaching ethics is important in education. Before discussing this issue, it is necessary to define what ethics is and what education is.

The present study aims to portray the real need of water to lead life. Today there are number of countries are unable to live a normal life without water facility. Water is actually the elixir of life. Everyone should use the water in limited according their need. Water may avail excess, but not in deficit. Gulf countries, some of the African countries appear as deserts and very difficult to lead a normal life without water. The place is not having water that is a desert. If the place is in water resource, that is a heaven for human survival. If human wants to realize water, he should be in the desert. The thirst for a man can be solved, but a thirst of animals, birds living in the forest is unsolved. Hence one can understand the need of water to survival. The title of the paper is taken from the greatest Tamil grandfather Thiruvalluvar?s ?Thirukural?. He has written about the water in one of his ?Kurals? (double lined poem). He further says, if water fails, functions of nature will sease and if rain fails, no men can walk in regular duty. Girish Karnad has found the need of water, so he has written the play ?The Fire and the Rain? to people realize one drop of water. Scientist can portray water is the formula of H2O. But ordinary man, common people, animals, birds, reptiles are depending upon the water and its usage. Karnad has immensely defines the fire sacrifice for rain in this play.