CALL FOR PAPER - Vol 10 - Issue 1

Multimorbidity is now a central test of internal medicine performance because patients rarely arrive with a single, guideline-contained disease. In Saudi Arabia, longer life expectancy, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, respiratory disease, cancer survivorship and mental health need are converging with Vision 2030 reforms that emphasise prevention, digital transformation and accountable value. This review develops a practical framework for managing multimorbidity in internal medicine to improve Saudi healthcare system efficiency. A narrative review methodology was used, prioritising peer-reviewed literature and policy evidence published from 2020 to 2025 on multimorbidity, integrated care, chronic disease management, Saudi health transformation, primary care redesign, digital health, medication optimisation and value-based healthcare. The paper proposes a five-part framework: population risk stratification, shared goal-oriented care planning, internal medicine coordination hubs, digital continuity, and outcomes-based governance. The model is intended to reduce fragmentation, duplicate testing, preventable admission, adverse drug events and delayed escalation while preserving person-centred decision-making. The review argues that Saudi internal medicine departments can become coordination engines between primary care, subspecialties, emergency departments and community services. Efficiency should therefore be measured not only by throughput, but by continuity, avoidable utilisation, patient-reported outcomes, medication safety, equity and clinician workload. Implementation requires interoperable records, clinical pharmacy, nurse coordination, mental health integration, telemedicine, home monitoring, and cluster-level dashboards aligned with the Health Sector Transformation Program. The framework offers an adaptable roadmap for hospitals and health clusters seeking Scopus-level evidence translation into operational improvement.

Global Islamic terrorism, as exemplified by al-Qaeda, ISIS, the Taliban, and their regional affiliates, continues to pose severe challenges to state security, governance, and human rights in the 21st century. This paper examines the structural dynamics of global Islamic terrorism and their implications for Nigeria, with a particular focus on Boko Haram and the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP). Using a qualitative document-analysis methodology, the study draws on peer-reviewed scholarship, institutional reports, and policy documents to develop a theoretically grounded comparative framework. The analysis is guided by two complementary theories: State Fragility Theory, which explains how weak institutions and governance deficits create conditions for extremist exploitation, and Relative Deprivation Theory, which accounts for the socioeconomic grievances that fuel radicalization. Through comparative case studies of Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria, the paper demonstrates that military-centric counterterrorism strategies are insufficient without parallel governance reforms and socioeconomic inclusion. Applied to Nigeria, these findings reveal that the persistence of Boko Haram and ISWAP reflects institutional weakness, corruption, and entrenched inequality rather than ideological factors alone. Nigeria's 2025 redesignation as a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) by the United States further underscores the reputational and diplomatic consequences of governance failure. The paper concludes with a holistic policy framework emphasizing regional intelligence cooperation, institutional accountability, expanded deradicalization programs, and socioeconomic investment as essential pillars of a sustainable counterterrorism strategy.

The meteoric rise of the digital age has radically changed how law is practiced in India. Legal practice and the advocacy profession is gradually changing with the use of e-briefs, e-filing, virtual hearings, and lawyers’ presence on social media. These developments require advocates to rethink professional ethics while continuing to maintain responsibility and integrity. These new technologies and digital advancement have made it easier for people to get help and they have made legal services work better. However, they are also causing problems. This is a concern about keeping client information secret and private also the same concern about how legal professionals behave. If they are responsible, for their actions. The technologies are raising ethical concerns regarding the confidentiality of client information the privacy of clients the conduct of legal professionals and the accountability of legal professionals. Ethics and professional duties governing the conduct of lawyers were, until recently, primarily prescribed by the Advocates Act, 1961, and regulated in India under rules of professional conduct by the Bar Council of India. Yet, the rise of digital platforms, Internet advertising, legal tech services, and virtual attorney-client interactions has not evolved to keep pace with our traditional notions of professional ethics, resulting in gaps in regulation. Problems such as data protection, unauthorized online solicitation, social media disinformation, and the integration of artificial intelligence into legal services necessitate a revaluation of existing ethical standards. This analysis assesses the frustrations of advancing ethical concerns by legal practitioners within the digital age and questions whether current regulations are sufficient to address these new challenges. This article examines the importance of updating existing guidelines and regulatory adjustments to enable professional integrity and accountability while upholding confidentiality in the age of technological advancement.

Given that there have been many advances in the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies lately, much has changed in the realm of educational processes in terms of how English is taught in many parts of the world. In connection with this point, this work discusses how AI technologies can be applied in teaching English to undergraduate students in universities and investigates their possibilities, challenges, advantages, disadvantages, and future developments. Specifically, while focusing on recent scientific works concerning Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), Second Language Acquisition (SLA), and educational innovations, this investigation considers various aspects connected with the advantages and disadvantages of using AI technologies in developing the ability to communicate, personalizing the learning process, evaluating learners' results, empowering learner autonomy, and facilitating interactions in the classroom setting of the English language classes. Furthermore, in this paper, there is a discussion about ethical problems, educators' preparedness, and other obstacles associated with applying AI technologies in English language education in universities. As a result, this work shows on the basis of empirical data collected and analyzed that AI technologies have a great potential to positively affect language skills, motivation, involvement, and interactions among learners. The objective of this paper is to conduct an evaluation of the use of artificial intelligence technology in teaching English as a foreign language by assessing existing trends, strengths, weaknesses, and pedagogical implications.

This research project seeks to resolve issues in milkfish processing through the design, improvement, and fabrication of a specialized machine. The primary objective is to develop a milkfish processing machine capable of reducing processing time and meat loss relative to manual methods, while also enhancing the capabilities of existing deboning machines. This study employed survey questionnaires and direct observation with 13 fish vendors in Barangay Mayondon and Bayog to gather data on the time involved in separating skin and meat. Subsequently, machine testing was carried out at Laguna University, utilizing 15 milkfish samples ranging from 300 to 800 grams in weight and 30cm to 45cm in length for both skin separation and deboning evaluations. With an overall efficiency of 88.33%, the machine features an automatic skin separator that cuts processing time by over 50% and reduces meat loss by roughly two-thirds. The semi-automatic deboner processes over 128.8 kg/hour with a 51.37% yield and low 12.186% bone content. High customer satisfaction (92.3%, "Excellent") further indicates strong market potential. The Development in Semi-Automatic Deboning Processing Machine for Stuffed Milkfish represent significant progress in milkfish processing, leading to notable enhancements in efficiency, yield, product quality, and overall customer satisfaction.

Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) has emerged as an advanced engineering material due to its excellent mechanical properties, environmental sustainability, and long service life. This study investigates the development, manufacturing process, and performance characteristics of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-based Wood Plastic Composite used in construction and furniture applications. The composite was prepared using PVC resin as the polymer matrix, wood flour/saw dust as the reinforcing material, calcium carbonate as a filler, and suitable additives including heat stabilizers, lubricants, processing aids, impact modifiers, and foaming agents. The manufacturing process was carried out using a conical twin-screw extrusion system under controlled processing conditions. The effects of raw material selection, formulation, moisture control, extrusion temperature, screw speed, and cooling conditions on product quality were evaluated. The developed WPC exhibited excellent dimensional stability, moisture resistance, termite resistance, weather resistance, and good mechanical strength, making it a suitable alternative to conventional wood. The study also highlights the environmental benefits of utilizing recycled materials and wood waste in WPC production. The results indicate that optimized processing parameters and proper formulation significantly improve product quality and manufacturing efficiency. PVC-based WPC has considerable potential for sustainable building materials due to its durability, recyclability, and low maintenance requirements.