Heavy Metal Toxicity in Traffic Interchange at T-Junction Epe Lagos State

References

[12] and

[13] respectively. 3.3 Enrichment Factor Analysis (EF). Element such as Al, Si, Ti, and Fe are frequently used as a point of reference for the calculation of factors because they are abundant in crustal material and are not significantly impacted by pollution

[15] . For this study, iron (Fe) was used as the reference element, the enrichment factor of the analysis for each element in the sample was calculated based on the average elemental concentration data of the upper continental crust. At T-Junction, only one element Sn was highly enriched, when EF >10, it indicates that a large fraction of the element can be attributed to non-crustal or anthropogenic sources trace metal in the atmosphere AEEs while all others are < 10 and that a large fraction of the element can be attributed to crustal derived trace metals sources in the atmosphere NEEs

[18] The EF of the control experiment shows that Zn was AEEs element having 497.3394 this may not unconnected with fact that sampling site was the busiest interchange at Epe and tat several activities are going on within and around the location. The high Iron (Fe) concentration detected in dry deposition indicates the ubiquity of this toxic metal in the environment and shows that the areas are Fe enriched. According to

[13] , the recommended atmospheric limit for Fe is 0.003μg/m 3 and 0.02μg/m 3 respectively and these values are far below the concentrations got in the study areas. Fig 4: Plot for Enrichment factors of both T-Junction and Control Experiment CONCLUSION The current study has shown that the dry deposition of the defined samples at T-junction do not only indicate anthropogenic activities in the study region but also demonstrate that the environment needs immediate clean-up as one element each have enrichment factors greater than 10

[20] . The increased in anthropogenic activities around the sampling site as well as control experiment unit during the during working hours is likely the cause of the heightened amounts of pollutants recorded. Poor vehicle maintenance and lack of implementation of traffic rules and laws by the regulated bodies may also have contributed to the increase in concentrations characterized heavy metals. This study discovered that most of the toxic heavy metals were, Silver (Ag), Indium (In), Tin (Sn) and Zinc (Zn) and Gold (Au), are ubiquitous in the ambient environment. These atmospheric pollutants pose the greater negative effects on the environment. REFERENCES

[1] P. B Tchounwou, C. G.Yedjou, A. K. Patlolla, and D. J. Sutton -Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Mol. Clin. Environ. Toxicol. 101, 133 164. (2012)

[2] D. Loomis, N. Guha, A. L. Hall and K. Straif. Identifying occupational carcinogens: an update from the IARC monographs. Occup. Environ. Med. 75 (8), 593–603. 104944. (2018)

[3] R. T. Achmad, B. Budiawan and E. Ibrahim Auerkari-Effects of chromium on human body. Annu. Res. Rev. 13, 1–8.

[4] O.S. Fatoki and E.T. Ayodele - Zinc and copper in tree barks as indicators of environment pollution. Envir.int 17:455-160. (1991).

[5] C. L. M.Joseph, S. Havstad, D.R. Ownby, E. L. Peterson, M. Maliarik, M. J. McCabe, et al. – Blood lead level and risk of asthma. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (7), 900–904.

[6] S. Kianoush, M.Balali-Mood, S. R. Mousavi, V. Moradi, M. Sadeghi, B. Dadpour, et al., - Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 110 (5) 476–481.

[7] P. Richter, O. Faroon and R.S Pappas, - Cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related morbidities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (10), 1154. (2017).

[8] S. Dudka R. Ponce Hernandez, T. C. Hutchinson –Current level of total element concentrations in the surface layer of Sudbury's soils. Science of The Total Environment Volume 162, Issues 2–3, 27 January 1995, Pages 161-171. (1995).

[9] R. N. Ratnaike, -Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity. Postgrad. Med. J. 79 (933), 391–396.

[10] K. P. Nickens, S.R. Patierno and S. Ceryak, - Chromium genotoxicity: a double-edged sword. Chem. Biol. Interact. 188 (2), 276–288. 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.018. (2010).

[11] Y. Deng, M. Wang, T. Tian, S. Lin, P. Xu, L. Zhou,et al. -The effect of hexavalent chromium on the incidence and mortality of human cancers: a meta-analysis based on published epidemiological cohort studies. Front. Oncol. 9, 24.

[12] USEPA- Compilation of air pollutant emission factors. Volume 1: Stationary point and area sourcesAP-42,5th edn (1996)

[13] WHO, -Atmospheric deposition of selected heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to the OSPAR Maritime Area (1990 - 2005)

[14] Binggan Wei,Linsheng Yang - A Review of Heavy Metal Contaminations in Urban Soils, Urban Road Dusts and Agricultural Soils From China. Microchemical Journal 94(2):99-107. (2010)

[15] T. K. Burki, - Nigeria’s lead poisoning crisis could leave a long legacy. Lancet 379 (9818), 792. (2012)

[16] S. A. Adebanjo, L.A. Jimoda, O. A. Alade and O. Duduyemi- Elemental Composition of Total Wet Particulate Matter Deposition in the selected Industrial Areas within Lagos state. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 7, (10): 182-192. (2020).

[17] Cancer -Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry. Working Group views and expert opinions, Lyon, 9-16 February 1993. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog Risks Hum., 58, 1. (1993).

[18] L. M. D. Del Razo, G. G. García-Vargas, A. Albores, H. Vargas, M. E. Gonsebatt, R. Montero, et al. -Altered profile of urinary arsenic metabolites in adults with chronic arsenicism. Arch. Toxicol. 71 (4), 211 –217.

[19] S. A. Adebanjo, L. A. Jimoda, E. Alagbe, O. A. Alade, K. A. Adedeji, W. A. Raji and J.A. Sonibare- Deposition fluxes of Particulate matter of some selected industrial area within Lagos State. Lasu Journal of engineering science and technology 1(1): 1-13. (2019).

[20] J. M. G. Williams, A. Mathews and C. MacLeod,

[21] -The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology.

[22] Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 3–24. https:// (1996).

@article{1705106,
      author = {Adebanjo Sunday Adekunle, Akinwunmi Maxwell Akindare, Oloye Abdul-Rasaq Adetunji, Alebiosu Samuel Olubunmi},
      title = {Heavy Metal Toxicity in Traffic Interchange at T-Junction Epe Lagos State},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2023},
      volume = {7},
      number = {4},
      pages = {135-140},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1705106.pdf},
      abstract = {This study provides an overview of the current level of heavy metal toxicity at the T-junction traffic interchange, including its origins, chemical properties, enrichment factors, and health effects. The Deposition Gauge method was employed to conduct this experiment, and three deposition gauges were planted at the sampling site and the control unit being Lagos State University Epe Campus for duration of 1 month, between December 2022 and January 2023 (Dry Season). The gauges were harvested and taken to the analytical laboratory of Chemical Engineering Department in order to determine the deposition Fluxes. Prepared samples were taken the Central Research Laboratory, Tanke in Ilorin where the samples were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer multi elements detector equipment.   Mean and standard deviations were determined after which the Enrichment Factors (EF) were calculated. Twelve elements were characterized from the samples collected at the sampling site, and twenty-one elements at the control experiment unit respectively. EF was determined   and elements such as Fe, Ag, Rh, Ru, In, Sn, Ti, Cd, Pd, Mn and Au were moderately enriched, with the exception of S, Cl, V, and Zn, highly enriched. This shows that anthropogenic activities affect the concentrations of some heavy metals at the sampling site as well as the control unit. Hence, a clean-up of the study area is recommended.},
      keywords = {Toxicity, Health Effects, Enrichment Factor, XRF, Anthropogenic},
      month = {October},
  }