Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients Living in Rural Area- Descriptive Cross Sectional Study

References

[1] Bennett J, M Das J, Emmady PD. Spinal Cord Injuries. [Updated 2022 May 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560721/

[2] Varacallo M, Davis DD, Pizzutillo P. Osteoporosis in Spinal Cord Injuries. 2023 Aug 4. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 30252365.

[3] Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World J Orthop.2015Jan18;6(1):2433.doi:10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.24.PMID:25621208;PMCID: PMC4303787.

[4] Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in Young Adults with Spinal Cord Injury: The Necessity of an Early Bone Mineral Density Checkup Onyoo Kim ( ohnew33@naver.com) National Rehabilitation Center Ahry Lee.

[5] Abdelrahman S, Ireland A, Winter EM, Purcell M, Coupaud S. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: etiology, effects and therapeutic approaches. J Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interact. 2021 Mar 1;21(1):26-50. PMID: 33657753; PMCID: PMC8020025.

[6] Leone GE, Shields DC, Haque A, Banik NL. Rehabilitation: Neurogenic Bone Loss after Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines. 2023 Sep 20;11(9):2581. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11092581. PMID: 37761022; PMCID: PMC10526516.

[7] Morse LR, Biering-Soerensen F, Carbone LD, Cervinka T, Cirnigliaro CM, Johnston TE, Liu N, Troy KL, Weaver FM, Shuhart C, Craven BC. Bone Mineral Density Testing in Spinal Cord Injury: 2019 ISCD Official Position. J Clin Densitom. 2019 Oct-Dec;22(4):554-566. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.07.012. Epub 2019 Aug 3. PMID: 31501005.

[8] Han S, Shin S, Kim O, Hong N. Characteristics Associated with Bone Loss after Spinal Cord Injury: Implications for Hip Region Vulnerability. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2023 Oct;38(5):578-587. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2023.1795. Epub 2023 Oct 10. PMID: 37816499; PMCID: PMC10613772.

[9] Mazur CM, Edwards WB, Haider IT, Fang Y, Morse LR, Schnitzer TJ, Simonian N, Troy KL. Bone Mineral Loss at the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia Following Spinal Cord Injury in Men and Women. J Clin Densitom. 2023 Jul-Sep;26(3):101380. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2023.101380. Epub 2023 May 5. PMID: 37201436.

[10] Nguyen BN, Hoshino H, Togawa D, Matsuyama Y. Cortical Thickness Index of the Proximal Femur: A Radiographic Parameter for Preliminary Assessment of Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporosis Status in the Age 50 Years and Over Population. Clin Orthop Surg. 2018 Jun;10(2):149-156. doi: 10.4055/cios.2018.10.2.149. Epub 2018 May 18. PMID: 29854337; PMCID: PMC5964262.

[11] Varacallo M, Davis DD, Pizzutillo P. Osteoporosis in Spinal Cord Injuries. [Updated 2023 Aug 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526109/

[12] Shams R, Drasites KP, Zaman V, Matzelle D, Shields DC, Garner DP, Sole CJ, Haque A, Banik NL. The Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 17;22(6):3057. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063057. PMID: 33802713; PMCID: PMC8002377.

[13] Frotzler, A., Krebs, J., Göhring, A. et al. Osteoporosis in the lower extremities in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 58, 441–448 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-019-0383-0

[14] Abdelrahman S, Ireland A, Winter EM, Purcell M, Coupaud S. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: aetiology, effects and therapeutic approaches. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2021 Mar 1;21(1):26-50. PMID: 33657753; PMCID: PMC8020025.

[15] Tan CO, Battaglino RA, Morse LR. Spinal Cord Injury and Osteoporosis: Causes, Mechanisms, and Rehabilitation Strategies. Int J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;1:127. PMID: 25419534; PMCID: PMC4238383.

[16] Antoniou G, Benetos IS, Vlamis J, Pneumaticos SG. Bone Mineral Density Post a Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of the Current Literature Guidelines. Cureus. 2022 Mar 23;14(3):e23434. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23434. PMID: 35494917; PMCID: PMC9038209.

@article{1706085,
      author = {Sakshi Dhamale , Dr. Komal Thorat},
      title = {Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients Living in Rural Area- Descriptive Cross Sectional Study},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2024},
      volume = {8},
      number = {1},
      pages = {370-375},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1706085.pdf},
      abstract = {BACKGROUND- - Spinal cord injury is a serious medical condition that can lead to severe morbidity and permanent disability, as well as psychological and socioeconomic challenges. The approximate incident rates in patients injured via high-energy mechanisms are 50%?70% in motor vehicle accidents. Fall from height, gunshot wounds, sports: 10%?15% Complications often result in a higher risk of illness and death, leading to more hospital visits and reduced job opportunities, thereby decreasing the quality of life. The complications are orthostatic hypotension, respiratory complications, autonomic dysreflexia, pressure ulcers, and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and the risk of fractures. Mechanical unloading, as evidenced by bone loss during space flights and bed rest, is believed to be the main cause. It is known that the first two weeks following an injury are the most susceptible to reducing bone growth. About 40% of bone loss may occur within 6 months of the injury; this rate of bone loss is much faster than that of non-SCI-immobile situations. Estimating hip and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard method for diagnosing osteoporosis. The cortical thickness index (CTI) is the most often used radiographic metric to evaluate the condition of the bones.
Methodology: - This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study with prospective data collection. It was approved by the ethical committee, PIMS-DU Loni. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants included in the study. Each patient was evaluated by history and physical examination. The history was obtained by direct interview. The data collected was age, gender, neurological level, ASIA, duration of injury, and cause of injury. Radiological studies of the hips were done by x-ray. The cortical thickness index was calculated. Cortical thickness index is the ratio of femoral diaphyseal diameter [outer diameter (do)] minus the intramedullary canal [inner diameter (di)] to the femoral diaphyseal diameter.
Conclusion- The cortical thickness index was found to be lower in spinal cord injury patients. Osteoporosis and bone-related problems can be avoided by addressing bone health through medical management, physical therapy, and lowering the incidence of falls. The study emphasizes the importance of patient education about bone health and the creation of protocols to treat and prevent osteoporosis in spinal cord injury patients as part of a rehabilitation strategy.},
      keywords = {Spinal cord injury, Osteoporosis, Cortical thickness index, Prevalence},
      month = {July},
  }