Home / Current Issue / Paper 1706480
Students? Perceptions on Assessment for Learning in Science: How Can Students? Self-directed Learning Be Encouraged?
Subject area: Science,Engineering and Technology · Area of research: Education
Abstract
Assessment for learning remains under-utilized in the science classrooms as greater emphasis is placed on assessment of learning. The aim of this paper was to find out how students perceived assessment for learning and how self-regulation in the learning of science could be enhanced. This study also included focus groups with 50 students aged between 12 years and 15 years from the three middle schools. Results showed that assessment for learning positively impacts on students? motivation, engagement, self-efficacy, autonomy, promotes cooperation with peers while making assessment interesting and stress free. Most students also reported that formative assessment provided them with platforms for self-assessment and self-feedback as they compare their work against set standards and criteria for success. Students highlighted the importance of recognition for their effort from their peers and teachers and felt comfortable working on their own when teachers had provided adequate criteria for success. Students further stressed that lack of adequate feedback and encouragement from teachers is demotivating.
Keywords
Self-regulated learning, Assessment of Learning, Assessment for Learning, Self-efficacy, Motivation, Testing.
References
[1] Ackermann, E. (2015). Piaget’s constructivism and Papert’s constructionism: What is the difference? Online, http://www.sylviastipich.com/
[2] Adams, M.J. (1990). Beginning to read. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[3] Andrade, H.L. (2010). Students as a Definitive Source of Formative Assessment: Academic Self-Assessment and the Self-Regulation of learning. NERA conference proceedings. Online https://opencommons.uconn.edu/nera_2010/25
[4] Andrade, H., and Du. Y. (2007). Student responses to criteria-referenced self-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 32, 159–181.
[5] Andrade, H., and Valtcheva, A. (2009). Promoting learning and achievement through self-assessment. Theory into Practice, 48(1), 12-19.
[6] Andrade, H.L., Wang, X., Du, Y., and Akawi, R.L. (2009). Rubric-referenced self-assessment and self-efficacy for writing. Journal of Education Research, 102, 287–301.
[7] Angelo, T.A., and Cross, K.P. (2012). Classroom assessment techniques. Retrieved from http://sloat.essex.edu/sloat/delete/contentforthewebsite/classroom_assessment_techniques
[8] Baleghizadeh, S., and Masoun, A. (2013). The effect of self-assessment on EFL learners’ self-efficacy. TESL Canada Journal, 42-42
[9] Bandura. A. (1991). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. In Schwarzer.R. and Wicklund. A. (Eds).
[10] Anxiety and self-focused attention. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.
[11] Bennett, R. E. (2011). Formative assessment: A critical review. Assessment in education: principles, policy and practice, 18(1), 5-25.
[12] Benson, A. D. (2010). Assessing participant learning in online environments. Facilitating Learning in Online Environments: New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 100, 103, 69.
[13] Black, P., and Wiliam, D. (1998). Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 80(2), 139-148
[14] Black, P., and Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning, Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 5(1), 7–74.
[15] Black, P., and Wiliam, D. (1998a). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in education, 5 (1): 7-74.
[16] Boekaerts, M. (1996b). Self-regulated learning at the junction of cognition and motivation. Eur. Psychol. 2, 100–112.
[17] Boston, C. (2002). The concept of formative assessment. Practical Assessment, Research, and Education, 8 (9), 2002-2003.
[18] Boud, D. (1995). Enhancing Learning through Self-Assessment. London: Kogan Page.
[19] Braun, V., and Clarke, J. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 77-101
[20] Brookhart, S., Moss, C., and Long, B. (2008). Formative assessment that empowers. Educational Leadership, 66(3), 52-57.
[21] Brunetti, M.A., Goldstein, J., and Jensen, L. J. (2019). K–2 Assessment Systems Enable Early Intervention to Foster Student Success. Policy Perspectives, 1(3), 27-53
[22] Cameron, J., and Pierce, W.D. (1994). Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 64, 363–423.
[23] Cassady, J. C., Budenz-Anders, J., Pavlechko, G., and Mock, W. (2001). The Effects of Internet-Based Formative and Summative Assessment on Test Anxiety, Perceptions of Threat, and Achievement.
[24] Chudowsky, N., and Glaser, R. (2001). (eds). Knowing what students know: The science and design of educational assessment. National Academy of Sciences. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
[25] Clark, I. (2012). Formative assessment: Assessment I for Self-regulated learning. Educ Psychol Rev, 24(2) 205-249. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/10648-011-9191-6
[26] Cordero, J. M., Santín, D., and Simancas, R. (2017). Assessing European primary school performance through a conditional nonparametric model. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 68, 364-376.
[27] Conley, D. T. (2018). The Promise and Practice of Next Generation Assessment. Boston: Harvard Education Press.
[28] Dam, L., and Legenhausen, L. (2010). Learners reflecting on learning: Evaluation versus testing in autonomous language learning. Testing the untestable in language education, 120-139.
[29] Deci, E. L., and Richard M. R. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum.
[30] Derry, S. J. (1996). Cognitive schema theory in the constructivist debate. Educational psychologist, 31(3-4), 163-174.
[31] Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and Education. New York: Collier Books.
[32] Dixson, D.D., and Worrell, F.C. (2016). Formative and summative assessment in the classroom. Theory Into Practice, 55(2) 153-159.
[33] Dochy, F., and McDowell, L. (1997). Introduction: Assessment as a Tool for Learning. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 23 (4), 279-98.
[34] Dodge, J. (2018). What are formative assessments and why we use them? Retrieved on 30 August 2018 from https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teachi ng-content/what-are-formative-assessments-andwhy-should-we-use-them/
[35] Dunn, R. (2002). Promoting assessment as learning: Improving the Learning Process. London:Routledge Falmer.
[36] Dweck, C. 2000. Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality and development. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
[37] Earl, L.M. (2012). Assessment as learning: Using Classroom Assessment to Maximize Student Learning. 2nd Ed. CA: Thousand Oaks.
[38] Education Services Australia. (2019). Assessment for learning. Retrieved from https://www.assessmentforlearning.edu.au
[39] Filsecker. C.A., and Kerres. T. (2012). Repositioning formative assessment from and educational Assessment perspective: A response to Dunn and Mulvenon. Practical Assessment, Research Evalution, 17 (16) 1-9.
[40] Florez, M. T., and Sammons, P. (2020). Assessment for learning: Effects and Impacts. NY: Oxford University Press
[41] Freeman, R., and Lewis, R. (1998). Planning and implementing assessment. London: Kogan Page
[42] Garcia Laborda, J., Sampson, D.G., Hambleton, K.R., and Guzman, E. (2015). Guest editorial: Technology supported assessment in formal and informal learning. NY: Pearson.
[43] Gibbs, G., and Simpson, C. (2004). Does your assessment support your students’ learning. Journal of Teaching and learning in Higher Education, 1(1), 1-30.
[44] Glasersfeld, E. von (1996). Introduction: Aspects of constructivism. In C.T. Fosnot (Ed.), Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice (pp. 3-7). New York-London: Teachers College Press.
[45] Govender, P. (2019). Formative assessment as ‘formative pedagogy’in Grade 3 mathematics. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 9(1), 1-12.
[46] Gower, L. (2012). The world is constantly changing. Nothing remains static. Retrieved from https://101fundraising.org/2012/10/the-world-is-constantly-changing-nothing-remains - static/
[47] Hargreaves, E. (2005). Assessment for learning: Thinking Outside the (Black) Box. Online http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1471467/1/Hargreaves2005Assessement213.pdf
[48] Harrison, A. G., and Grayson, D. J. (2013). Formative assessment in science education: a review of the literature. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 50(6), 1-38.
[49] Heritage, M. (2010). Formative assessment: Making it happen in the classroom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
[50] Heritage, M., Vendlinski, T., Bailey, A., and Kim, J. O. (2007). Validating knowledge elicitation techniques: Examining the relation between measures of content knowledge and knowledge of teaching algebra. In annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.
[51] Hovardas, T.O.E., Tsivitanidou, E., and Zacharia, Z.C., 2014. “Peer versus Expert Feedback: An Investigation of the Quality of Peer Feedback among Secondary School Students.” Computers and Education 71: 133–152.
[52] Kaufman, J.C. (2019). Self-assessments of creativity: Not ideal, but better than you think. Psychology of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts, 13(2),
[53] Kiely, R. (2005). A Transformative Learning Model for Service-Learning: A Longitudinal Case Study. Michigan Journal of Community Service- Learning. Fall 2005, pp.5-22
[54] Kingston, N., and Nash, B. (2011). Formative assessment: A meta‐analysis and a call for research. Educational measurement: Issues and practice, 30(4), 28-37.
[55] Kitzinger, J. (1994). The methodology of focus groups: The importance of interaction between research participants. Sociology of Health and Illness, 16(1), 104-122.
[56] Kizilcec, R.F., Perez-Sanagustin, M., and Maldonado, J.J. (2017). Self-regulated learning strategies predict learner behavior and goal attainment in MOOC. Computers and Education, 104(1), 18-33.
[57] Kluger, A.N., and DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological bulletin, 119(2), 254-284.
[58] Kollar, I., and Fischer, F. (2010). Peer assessment as collaborative learning: A cognitive perspective. Learning and instruction, 20(4), 344-348.
[59] Leahy, S., Wiliam, D., and Jones, J. (2005). Embedding assessment for learning a professional development pack. London, UK: Specialist Schools and Academies Trust. https://www.schoolsnetwork.org.uk/pages/default.aspx
[60] Leung, F. (2009). Spotlight on focus groups. Can Fam Physicians, 55(2), 218-219.Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642503/
[61] Li, J., and De Luca, R. (2014). Review of assessment feedback. Studies in higher education, 39(2), 378-393.
[62] Lizzio, A., and Wilson, K. (2008). Feedback on assessment: Students’ perceptions of quality and effectiveness. Assessment and evaluation in higher education, 33(3), 263-275.
[63] Lubienski, C., and Lubienski, S.C. (2006). Charter, private, public schools and academic achievement: New evidence from NAEP mathematics data. New York, N.Y: National Center For The Study Of Privatization In Education.
[64] Luszczynska, A., and Schwarzer, R. (2005). Social cognitive theory. In M. Conner and P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models (pp. 127-169). Open University Press.
[65] Mangwaya, E. (2014). Arguing for the development of critical thinking skills amongst learners in the Zimbabwean education system. International Journal of Management and Humanities Sciences, l2(5) 329 – 334.
[66] Marsh, G.E., and Ketterer, J.J. (2005). Situating the zone of proximal development. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 8(2).
[67] Matthews, W.J. (2003). Constructivism in the classroom: Epistemology, History and Empirical Evidence. The teachers’ quarterly, 1(3) 20-37.
[68] Moss, C.M., and Brookhart, S.N. (2019). Advancing formative assessment in every classroom: A Guide for Instructional Leaders 2nd Edition. New York: ASCD.
[69] NAP. (2019). Fostering transformative research in geographical sciences. The national academic press. Online, http://www.sylviastipich.com/
[70] National Science Teachers Association (NSTA). (2018). Assessment. Retrieved from https://www.nsta.org/assessment/assessment.aspx
[71] NCDPI. (2018). Formative instructional and Assessment tasks for common core state standards in mathematics. Raleigh-Durham: NCDPI
[72] NCDPI. (2019). Assessment for learning and development in K3 to K8. Raleigh-Durham: NCDPI
[73] NC Department of Public Instruction. (2019). North Carolina Science Essential Standards. Retrieved from https://www.dpi.nc.gov/docs/curriculum/science/science-essential-standards.pdf
[74] NWEA. (2020). MAP Testing and State Standards Alignment. Durham
[75] OECD. (2003), Learners for Life: Student Approaches to Learning: Results from PISA 2000, OECD, Paris.
[76] OECD. (2016). Assessment for learning. Formative assessment. Online, retrieved from
[77] O'Sullivan, B. (2012). Assessment issues in languages for specific purposes. ModernLanguages Journal. 96, 71-88. Online.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2012.01298.x
[78] Opdenakker, R. (2006). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research. Forum: Qualitative Research, 7(4), 1-31.
[79] Pajares, M. F. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messyconstruct. Review of educational research, 62(3), 307-332.
[80] Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M, Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P. Duan, N., and Hoagwood. K. (2013). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, Nov 2013.
[81] Panadero, E, Tapia, J.A., and Huertas, J.A. (2012). Rubrics and self-assessment scripts effects on self-regulation, learning and self-efficacy in secondary education. Learning and individual differences, 22(1), 806-818.
[82] Panadero, E. (2017). A review of self-regulated learning: Six Models and Four Directions for Research. Frontiers in Psychology. 8(422) 19-124.
[83] Paris, S. G., and Paris, A. H. (2001). Classroom applications of research on self-regulated learning Educational Psychologist, 36(2), 89–101.https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3602_4
[84] Peña-López, I. (2012). Pisa 2012 assessment and analytical framework. Mathematics, reading, science, problem solving and financial literacy.
[85] Popkewitz, T.S. (2016). Dewey, Vygotsky, and the Social Administration of the Individual: Constructivist Pedagogy as Systems of Ideas in Historical Spaces. American Educational Research Journal, 35(4), 535-570.
[86] Popham, W. J. (2011). Classroom assessment: What teachers need to know. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
[87] Regier, N. (2012). Book two: 60 formative assessment strategies. Regier Educational Resources.
[88] Reynolds, A. J., Ou, S. R., and Topitzes, J. W. (2004). Paths of effects of early childhood intervention on educational attainment and delinquency: A confirmatory analysis of theChicago Child‐Parent Centers. Child development, 75(5), 1299-1328.
[89] Rushton, A. (2005). Formative assessment: A key to deep learning? Medical Teacher 27(6), 509-513.
[90] Russell, T., and McGuigan, L. (2019). Developmental Progression in Learning About Evolution in the 5–14 Age Range in England. Evolution Education Re-considered: UnderstandingWhat Works, 59-80.
[91] Saddler, D.R. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 18(1), 119-144
[92] Sadler, P.M., and Good, E. (2006). The impact of self-and peer-grading on student learning. Educational assessment, 11(1), 1-31.
[93] Saint Léger, D. (2009). Self‐assessment of speaking skills and participation in a foreignlanguage class. Foreign Language Annals, 42(1), 158-178.
[94] Savin-Baden, M. (2007). Understanding the impact of assessment on students in problem-basedlearning. Innovations in Education and Teaching International Journal, 41 (2) 221-354. Online, retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1470329042000208729
[95] Schunk, D.H. (1991). Self-efficacy and academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26, 207-231.
[96] Schwarzer, R., and Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(1), 152-171.
[97] Shepard, L. A. (2007). Formative assessment: caveat emptor. In C. A. Dwyer (Ed.), The future of assessment: shaping teaching and learning (pp. 279-303). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[98] Shute, V. J. (2008). Focus on formative feedback. Review of educational research, 78(1), 153-189.
[99] Sierens, E., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., and Dochy, F. (2009). The synergistic relationship of perceived autonomy support and structure in the prediction of self-regulated learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 79(1), 57–68.
[100] Spiller, D. (2012). Assessment matters: Self-assessment and Peer-assessment. The University of Waikato.
[101] Stull, J.C., Varnum, S.J., Durcette, J., Schiller, J., and Bernacki, M. (2011). The many faces of Formative assessment. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 23(1) 30-39.
[102] Sun, Z., Xie, K. and Anderman, L.H. (2018). The role of self-regulated learning in students' success in flipped undergraduate math courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 36(1), 41-53
[103] Taras, M. (2008). Summative and formative assessment: Perceptions and realities. Active learning in higher education, 9(2), 172-192.
[104] Tierney, R.D., and Charland, J. (2007). Stocks and Prospects: Research on Formative Assessment in Secondary Classrooms. Online Submission.
[105] Torrance, H., and Pryor, J. (2001). Developing formative assessment in the classroom: Using action research to explore and modify theory. British educational research journal, 27(5), 615-631.
[106] Torres, J.O. (2019). Positive impact of utilizing more formative assessment over summative assessment in the EFL/ESL classroom. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 19 (1) 66-109.
[107] Voogt, J., and Kasurien, H. (2005). Finland: Emphasizing Development Instead of Competition and Comparison In Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, Formative Assessment: Improving Learning in Secondary classrooms. Paris: OECD Publishing.
[108] Vrasidas, C. (2000). Constructivism versus objectivism: Implications for interaction, course design, and evaluation in distance education. International journal of educational telecommunications, 6(4), 339-362.
[109] Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society. The Development of Higher Psychological Processes Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
[110] Wiliam, D. (2006). Assessment: learning communities can use it to engineer a bridge connecting teaching and learning. Journal of Staff Development, 27(1), 16-20. 18
[111] Wiliam, D. (2007). Keeping learning on track: classroom assessment and the regulation of learning. pp.1053-1058 in F.K.Lester, (ed.) Second handbook of mathematics teaching and learning. Greenwich CT: Information Age Publishing.
[112] Wiliam, D. (2009). An integrative summary of the research literature and implications for a new theory of formative assessment. In H. L. Andrade and G. J. Cizek (Eds.), Handbook of formative assessment. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
[113] Wiliam, D., and Thompson, M. (2007). Integrating assessment with instruction: what will it take to make it work? In C. A. Dwyer (Ed.), The future of assessment: shaping teaching and learning (pp. 53-82). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[114] Zheng, B., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Self-regulated learning: The effect on Medical Student Outcomes in a Flipped Classroom Environment. Michigan: BMC.
[115] Zimmerman, B.J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner. An overview. Theory into Practice 41(2) 64-70
[116] Zimmerman, B.J., and Schunk, D.H. (2001). Self-regulated learning and academic achievementTheory, research, and practice. NY: Springer-Verlag.
[117] Zimmerman, B., and Schunk, D. (2012). Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory Research and Applications. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[118] Zimmerman, B.J., and Moylan, A.R. (2009). Self-regulation: Where metacognition and motivation intersect. In D.J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, and A.C. Graesser (Eds.), Handbook of metacognition in education, 299-315. Routledge.
[119] Zulkarnaen, R. (2019, October). Students’ academic self-concept the constructivism learning model. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1315(1), 71). IOP Publishing.
[120] Zumbrunn, S., Tadlock, J., and Roberts, E. D. (2011). Encouraging self-regulated learning in the classroom: A review of the literature. Metropolitan Educational Research Consortium (MERC).
How to cite this paper
@article{1706480,
author = {Shelton Jeri, Chryso Hadjikou},
title = {Students? Perceptions on Assessment for Learning in Science: How Can Students? Self-directed Learning Be Encouraged?},
journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
year = {2024},
volume = {8},
number = {5},
pages = {72-84},
issn = {2456-8880},
url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1706480.pdf},
abstract = {Assessment for learning remains under-utilized in the science classrooms as greater emphasis is placed on assessment of learning. The aim of this paper was to find out how students perceived assessment for learning and how self-regulation in the learning of science could be enhanced. This study also included focus groups with 50 students aged between 12 years and 15 years from the three middle schools. Results showed that assessment for learning positively impacts on students? motivation, engagement, self-efficacy, autonomy, promotes cooperation with peers while making assessment interesting and stress free. Most students also reported that formative assessment provided them with platforms for self-assessment and self-feedback as they compare their work against set standards and criteria for success. Students highlighted the importance of recognition for their effort from their peers and teachers and felt comfortable working on their own when teachers had provided adequate criteria for success. Students further stressed that lack of adequate feedback and encouragement from teachers is demotivating.},
keywords = {Self-regulated learning, Assessment of Learning, Assessment for Learning, Self-efficacy, Motivation, Testing.},
month = {November},
}