Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Rainwater Quality in Lagos State: A Geoaccumulation Index Approach

References

[1] Andem, A. B., Ama, K. A., Esien, E. O., & Ugwumba, A. A. (2015). Evaluation and characterization of trace metals contamination in the surface sediment using pollution load index (PLI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) of Ona River, Western Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 4(1), 26-32.

[2] Anani, O. A., & Olomukoro, J. O. (2017). The evaluation of heavy metal load in benthic sediment using some pollution indices in Ossiomo River, Benin City, Nigeria. FUNAI Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2), 103-119.

[3] Abdelbagi, A. M. (2018). Assessment of contribution of suspended particulate matter (SPM and RSPM) levels in ambient air pollution. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 13(2), 135-143. Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

[4] Abata, E. O., Aiyesanmi, A. F., Adebayo, A. O., & Ajayi, O. O. (2013). Assessment of heavy metal contamination and sediment quality in the urban river: A case of Ala River in Southwestern Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 4(3), 56-63. https://www.iosrjournals.org

[5] Abulude, F.O., Oni, O.O., Lawal, O.A., & Ekuya, C.I. (2022). A comprehensive study on the impacts of air pollution and challenges in developing countries. Journal of Environmental Health and Safety, 14(3), 245-260.

[6] Akhilesh, M., Smitha, D., & Arun, K. (2022). Enrichment factors and chemical composition of size-fractionated airborne particulate matter in urban environments. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 79(3), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-021-09414-y

[7] Barbieri, M. (2016). The importance of enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) to evaluate soil contamination. Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 5(1), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000237

[8] Ephraim, B. E., & Ajayi, I. O. (2014). Geoenvironmental assessments of heavy metals in surface sediments from some creeks of the Great Kwa River, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 4(21), 1-8.

[9] Ewona, I. O. (2020). Socioeconomic factors influencing life expectancy in rural Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Development, 18(1), 12-22.

[10] Ekah, B. J., Akwagiobe, U. J., Udo, S. O., Ewona, I. O. (2023). A Review on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1st to 6th Report: Physical Science International Journal, 27 (1), 16-24.

[11] Ewona, I. O., Udo, S. O., & TET Fund. (2022). Methodological approaches in air sample collection: The gravity settling method. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 8(2), 341-356.

[12] Ewona, I. O., Udo, S. O., & TET Fund. (2021). Gravity settling method for air quality assessment. Journal of Air Pollution Studies, 5(1), 234-245.

[13] Gao, Q., Zhu, S., Zhou, K., Zhai, J., Chen, S., Wang, Q., Wang, S., Han, J., Lu, X., Chen, H., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Yang, X., Ying, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, J., & Wang, X. (2023). High enrichment of heavy metals in fine particulate matter through dust aerosol generation. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(20), 12345–12357. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01955

[14] Gugamsetty, B., Wei, H., Liu, C.-N., Awasthi, A., Hsu, S.-C., Tsai, C.-J., Roam, G.-D., Wu, Y.-C., & Chen, C.-F. (2012). Source characterization and apportionment of PM10, PM2.5 and PM0.1 by using positive matrix factorization. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12, 476–491. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.04.0084

[15] Haritash, A. K., & Kaushik, C. P. (2007). Assessment of seasonal enrichment of heavy metals in respirable suspended particulate matter of a sub-urban Indian city. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 128, 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9335-1

[16] Hasan, A. B., Kabir, S., Reza, S. A., Zaman, M. N., Ahsan, A., and Rashid, M. (2012). Enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index of trace metals in sediments of the ship breaking area of Sitakund Upazilla (Bhatiary- Kumira), Chittagong, Bangladesh, Journal of Geochemical Exploration,

[17] Issa, B. R., Arimoro, F. O., Ibrahim, M., Birma, G. J., & Fadairo, E. A. (2011). Assessment of sediment contamination by heavy metals in River Orogodo (Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria).Current World Environment, 6(1), 29-38.

[18] Ismaeel, W. A., & Kusag, A. D. (2015). Enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index for heavy metals at industrial zone in Iraq. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 3(3), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.9790/0990-03312632

[19] JI Yaqin, FENG Yinchang∗ , WU Jianhui, ZHU Tan, BAI Zhipeng, DUAN Chiqing,(2007). Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China, Journal of Environmental Sciences 20(2008) ,571–578.

[20] Kothai, P., Saradhi, I. V., Pandit, G. G., Markwitz, A., & Puranik, V. D. (2011). Chemical characterization and source identification of particulate matter at an urban site of Navi Mumbai, India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 11, 560–569. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2011.02.0017

[21] Ma, Y., Qin, Y., Zheng, B., Zhang, L., & Zhao, Y. (2015). Seasonal variation of enrichment, accumulation and sources of heavy metals in suspended particulate matter and surface sediments in the Daliao river and Daliao river estuary, Northeast China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(10), 5107–5117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4561-1

[22] Mukherjee, A., & Agrawal, M. (2017). World air particulate matter: Sources, distribution, and health effects. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 15(2), 283–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0611-9

[23] Ochiagha, K. E., Okoye, P. A. C., & Eboagu, N. C. (2020). The geo-accumulation index of some heavy metals in the roadsides soils of Onitsha South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Science Journal of Chemistry, 8(2), 42-47. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20200803.11

[24] Rushdi, A. I., Al-Mutlaq, K. F., Al-Otaibi, M., El-Mubarak, A. H., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2013). Air quality and elemental enrichment factors of aerosol particulate matter in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 6, 585–599. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.07.0186

[25] Sharma, R., & Pervez, S. (2004). Chemical characterization and enrichment of selected toxic elements in ambient particulate matter around a slag-based cement plant in Chhattisgarh state: A case study. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 63, 376–382.

[26] Tunde, A.B., Ibrahim, Y., & Olawale, K.F. (2022). Strategies for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas of developing countries. International Journal of Environmental Policy and Management, 18(2), 112-130. 

[27] Udotong, J. I. R., Udotong, I. R., & Eka, O. U. (2015). Spatio-temporal variations in heavy metal concentrations in sediment of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 9(6), 24-32.

[28] Uwah, I. E., Dan, S. F., Etiuma, R. A., & Umoh, U. E. (2013). Evaluation of status of heavy metals pollution of sediments in Qua-Iboe River Estuary and associated creeks, South-Eastern Nigeria. Environmental Pollution, 2(4), 110-118. https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v2n4p110

[29] Udo, S. O., & Ewona, I. O. (2018b). Assessment of air quality in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 12(3), 456-468.

[30] Udo, S. O., & Ewona, I. O. (2018c). Analysis of air pollutant levels in the Niger Delta region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 10(2), 789-800.

[31] Udo, S. O., & Ewona, I. O. (2020b). Air quality trends in the Niger Delta area: A comprehensive review. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(4), 1021-1035.

[32] Udo, S. O., & Ewona, I. O. (2020c). The impact of industrial activities on air pollution in the Niger Delta. International Journal of Environmental Research, 15(1), 145-157.

[33] World Health Organization. (2021). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

[34] Yadav, A. K., Sahoo, S. K., Patra, A. C., Thakur, V. K., Dubey, J. S., Singh, S., Lenka, P., Jha, V., Kumar, A. V., Shirin, S., & Jamal, A. (2022). Enrichment factor and chemical composition of size separated airborne particulate matter of Singrauli coalfield, India. Environmental Science, 6, 414-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.09.011

[35] Yaqin, J., Yinchang, F., Jianhui, W., Tan, Z., Zhipeng, B., & Chiqing, D. (2008). Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(4), 571-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2007.11.006

[36] Yadav, A. K., Sahoo, S. K., Patra, A. C., Thakur, V. K., Dubey, J. S., Singh, S., Lenka, P., Jha, V., Kumar, A. V., Shirin, S., & Jamal, A. (2022). Enrichment factor and chemical composition of size separated airborne particulate matter of Singrauli Coalfeld, India. Aerosol Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-022-00155-4

@article{1706602,
      author = {Ekah, B. J., Ekong, I. B.; Azogor W. E, Akwagiobe J. U; Ekechukwu, C. C., Uda, C. N.; Ewona, I.O, Udo, S. O.; Rabiu, B.},
      title = {Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Rainwater Quality in Lagos State: A Geoaccumulation Index Approach},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2024},
      volume = {8},
      number = {5},
      pages = {898-907},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1706602.pdf},
      abstract = {This study assessed the concentration of heavy metals and environmental pollutants in Lagos State, Nigeria, focusing on airborne particles and rainwater contamination. The gravitational settling method was employed to collect airborne particles over a nine-month period, from January to September 2023, using funnels and clean containers placed at various sub-locations within the state. The collected sediments were analyzed in a laboratory using spectroscopic techniques. The following heavy metals and elements were examined: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), ammonia (NH3), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), chloride (Cl), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), nitrite (NO_2^-), nitrate NO_3^-, and fluoride (F). In addition, salinity and conductivity of the rainwater samples were analyzed. The results were compiled, averaged across the sub-locations, and generalized for the entire state, with a geoaccumulation index computed to assess contamination levels. The study found that pollutants such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), nitrite (NO_2^-), nitrate (NO_3^-), and fluoride (F) reflected a clean or natural environment (Class 0) in terms of contamination. However, salinity levels were found to be a concern, indicating moderate to heavy contamination, which could affect environmental and ecological health. Nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) were classified as Class 2, indicating moderate contamination. The geoaccumulation index for arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), ammonia (NH3), and chloride (Cl) could not be computed due to low detection limits. These findings emphasize the importance of continued environmental monitoring in Lagos, particularly with regard to manganese, nickel, lead, and salinity, to ensure the protection of public and ecological health.},
      keywords = {Particulate matters, sources of PM, effects of PM, Healthy life expectancy, Life expectancy, Air Quality Index, Toxic elements and metals, casinogenic elements, enrichment factor, Hazard Quotient, Geoaccumulation index.},
      month = {November},
  }