Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDRs) as Strategies of Amnesty Program as Conflict Management Mechanism in Nigeria.

References

[1] Abdulrasheed, A.M. (2007). Federalism and Political Stability in Nigeria: Current Peril and Future Hopes. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol., No. 4

[2] Ahonsi, A. B, (2011). Capacity and Governance deficits in the response to the Niger Delta Crisis. In Obi and Rustard, Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta: Managing the Complex Politics of Petro-Violence. London: Zed Books Ltd

[3] Asuni, B. J, (2009). Understanding the Armed Groups of the Niger Delta, Council on Foreign Relations Inc., United States of America.

[4] Azar, E. (1990). The Analysis and Management of Protracted Conflict.

[5] Ball, N. and Degoor, L. (2006). Disarmament, Demobilization and Re-integration: Mapping Issues, Dilemmas and Guiding Principles, Netherland Institute of International Relations.

[6] Best, S. G. (2006). Conflict Analysis. In Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa (Ed) by Shedrack Gaya Best, Spectrum Book Limited, Benin City.

[7] Burton, J. (1991). Conflict Resolution as a Political System in Vamik Volkan, et al (eds). The Psycho-dynamics of International Relationships: Volume II: Unofficial Diplomacy at Work. Lexington, M.A. Lexington Books.

[8] Coser, L. A. (1956). The Functions of Social Conflict Glencoe III: The Free Press.

[9] Davidheiser, M., & Nyiayaana, K. (2011). Demobilization or Remobilization? The Amnesty Program and the Search for Peace in the Niger Delta. African Security, 4(1).

[10] Donohue, W.A. and Kolt, R. (1992). Managing Interpersonal Conflict Newberry, Park Calif: Sage Publications.

[11] Dougherty, J. and Pfaltzgraf, R. (1981). Contending Theories of International Relation: A Comprehensive Survey, New York: Harper and Row

[12] Dunmoye A. R. (2002). Resource Control: Which way Forward? In Newsletter of the Social Science Academy of Nigeria, Vol. 5, No. 1.

[13] Ekanola, B. A. (2004). Beyond Isolation, Towards Cooperative Relations and the Resolution of Ethnic Conflicts in Contemporary Society. CODESRA Bulletin, No.3&4.

[14] Fisher, R. (1998, 2000). Conflict Management Styles. in Keogh Demot, Haltzel Michael and David H., (Eds) Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkely, University of California.

[15] Fogg, B., (1985). Perspectives in Conflict Resolution, in Donald H, Conflict and the Incentives of Political Accommodation. Cambridge University Press 1994.

[16] Francis D (2009). Peace and Conflict Studies: An African Overview of Basic Concept. In S.G Best (ed). Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa, Ibadan, Spectrum Ibadan, Nigeria.

[17] Ifeanyi, P. (2006). Conflict Resolution. A Paper Presented at the Institute of Medical Research and Training, Biode Building College of Medicine, University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan.

[18] Igwe, P. (2002). Conflict an Attribute of Nature. Sourced @ www.igweresuorces.com.

[19] Isumonah, V. (2003). The Obasanjo Administration and the Management of Niger Delta Conflicts in Nigeria, African Journal Peace Conflict Studies. Vol. 1(2).

[20] Knight, M (2008). Expanding the DDR Model: politics and Organizations. Journal of Security Sector Management 6(1).

[21] Knight, W. Andy (2008). Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration and Post-Conflict Peace-Building in Africa: An overview. African Security, 1 (1).

[22] Lederach J.P. (1988). Peace Building: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: USIP Press.

[23] Montville, Joseph V (1991). Track Two diplomacy: The arrow and the olive branch: A case for Track Two diplomacy. In: Vamik D Volkan, Joseph P Montville & Demetrios A Julius (eds) The Psychodynamics of International Relations: Vol. 2, Unofficial Diplomacy at Work. Lanham, MD: Lexington.

[24] Naraghi, S. and Conaway, P. C. (2004). Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration in Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace: A Toolkit for Advocacy and action, Security Issues.

[25] Nnoli, O. (1978). Ethic politics in Nigeria, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.

[26] Nwolise, O.B.C. (2004). The Nigeria Police in International Peace-keeping Under the United Nations, Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.

[27] Obi, C. and Rustard, S. (2011). Introduction: Petro-Violence in the Niger Delta – the Complex Politics of an Insurgency (eds) Oil and Insurgency in the Niger-Delta, Managing the Complex Politics of Petro-Violence. London: Zed Books.

[28] Ofoeze, H. G. (2007). The State and Conflict in Nigeria: A Public Policy Perspective, in Ikejiani-Clark(ed) Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: A Reader, Spectrum Books Limited, Lagos.

[29] Ojakorotu, V. (2008). Internationalisation of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta Nigeria. Alternatives, Turkish Journal of International Relations. Vol.7

[30] Okolie, A. M. (2009). Conflict Analysis, in Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: A Reader. Edited by Mariam Ikejiani-Clark.

[31] Omotosho, M. (2004). Evaluating Conflict and Conflict Management: A Conceptual Understanding” African Journal of International Affairs and Development. 9 (1&2).

[32] Oyefusi, A. (2008). Oil and the probability of rebel participation among youths in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 45(4).

[33] Pruitt, D. G., and Rubin, J. Z. (1986). Social conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill.

[34] Ross, M. (1983). The Culture of Conflict, New Heaven: Yale University Press.

[35] Shaun, P. Y. (2000): “Political Stability and the need for moral Affirmation”. www.goole.com.

[36] Sills, D. (1968). Modernization: Political Aspect. The International Encyclopedia of Social Science, Vol. 5. New York: The Macmillan Company Free Press.

[37] Soremekun, K. (2009) Understanding the Concept and Scope of Peace. Prepared Paper for MSc class.

[38] Soremekun, K. (2011). Nigeria’s Oil Diplomacy and the Management of the Niger Delta Crisis. In Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta: Managing the Complex Politics of Petro-Violence, edited by Obi and Rustard (Zed Books Ltd. London).

[39] Suberu, T. R. (1996). Ethnic Minority Conflicts and Governance in Nigeria Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited

[40] Ukiwo, U., (2007). From “Pirates” to “Militant”: A Historical perspective on Anti-State and Anti-Oil Company Mobilisation among the Ijaw of Warri, Western Niger Delta, African Affairs, Oxford University Press.

[41] USAID. (2009). Negotiation and Mediation Skills in Resolving Conflicts.

[42] Usman, A. (2010). Nigeria: Seizing the Moments in the Niger Delta. In International Crises Group.

[43] Usuman, Y. B. (2000). Political Economy and Political Stability in Nigeria in the early 21st century”. A Contribution to the Workshop on the Survival of Democracy in Nigeria. Kano, 27th September.

[44] Yar‘adua, U. (2009). Speech to OPEC‘S Secretary General Abdulla Salem el-badri: Sourced from Africa News by Konye Obaji Ori in an article titled: Nigeria: MEND Resumes HHhhostilities, But Who Gains? Friday 16th Oct. 2009.

[45] Zamtato, G.B. (2003). Civil Society and Ethnic Conflict Management: Lessons from other African States. In Imobighe, T.A. (Ed), Civil Society and Ethnic Conflict Management in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.

@article{1706799,
      author = {Donald Igbinosa EBOIGBE},
      title = {Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDRs) as Strategies of Amnesty Program as Conflict Management Mechanism in Nigeria. },
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2024},
      volume = {8},
      number = {6},
      pages = {772-787},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1706799.pdf},
      abstract = {Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, is indisputably one of the most richly endowed countries on the continent. It is blessed with immense natural and human resources which provide opportunity for national development. However, since de-colonization in 1960, the nation has been plagued with a civil war and series of conflicts. These conflicts, particularly the recent ones where our interest lies for this paper, had continued to attract national and global attention. Successive administrations since independence in 1960 had adopted several constitutional and institutional ?remedies? towards the resolutions of these conflicts. These include setting up of commissions of enquiries, establishment of developmental institutions, and agencies, State creation, creation of grazing reserve areas for herds men, the use of armed forces, provision of political opportunities and seizure of land (under the land use decree) and the provision of additional incentives to resource producing areas (derivation formula) etc. Some of these measures had relatively worked while some were seen as pacification methods and mere palliatives. Thus, some of the crisis in Nigeria, particularly, the militancy in the Niger-Delta Region has continued unabated. Consequently, in a bid to finding a lasting solution to the violence in the Niger Delta, president Yar?Adua granted amnesty in 2009 to the militants and to all those who were overtly or covertly involved in the conflict in the Niger Delta region. This paper is anchored on the conflict resolution theory. The theory focuses on the management of deep-rooted conflicts. Conflict management initiatives are often characterized by long time horizons and intervention strategies at multiple levels aimed at changing perceptions and improving communication skills at addressing the roots of the conflict including inequality and social injustice. The paper concluded that DDR programs seek to support ex-combatants? economic and social reintegration, so that they can become stakeholders in peace and as productive members of their communities. This transformational strategy helps to foster post amnesty peace-building, and thereby to ensure that the peace is home-grown and thus durable. Unfortunately, the Federal Government Amnesty Program fell short of DDR measures which account for the little success the program has achieved since inception and the continued hostility albeit with significant reduction in the Niger Delta.},
      keywords = {Amnesty, Conflict Management, Demobilization, Disarmament, Reintegration},
      month = {December},
  }