Home / Current Issue / Paper 1707040
National Policy Recommendations for Reducing Gender Bias in U.S. Healthcare Recruitment and Advancement
Subject area: Management and Commerce · Area of research: Gender Equality
Abstract
Gender bias remains a pervasive challenge in U.S. healthcare recruitment and advancement, limiting opportunities for women and underrepresented genders while undermining the sector's potential for diversity, equity, and inclusion. This article examines the extent of gender disparities in healthcare hiring and promotion, emphasizing the importance of equitable practices for the sector?s effectiveness and sustainability. The primary objective is to present actionable policy recommendations at federal, state, and institutional levels to address these biases. Through a comprehensive literature review, quantitative data analysis, and case studies, the study highlights systemic barriers, such as implicit and explicit biases in recruitment practices, wage disparities, and underrepresentation in leadership roles. The findings emphasize the pressing need for interventions, including blind recruitment processes, standardized promotion criteria, gender bias training programs, and regular pay audits. The methodology employed involves an evidence-based approach, integrating statistical analyses and case study evaluations to provide a deep foundation for policy development. Key findings reveal that targeted interventions can enhance gender diversity in healthcare leadership and reduce wage disparities, contributing to improved organizational performance and patient outcomes. Addressing gender bias encompasses both matters of social justice and a strategic imperative for optimizing healthcare delivery and workforce efficiency. This study contributes to the growing discourse on gender equity in healthcare by offering practical solutions that align with broader efforts to foster an inclusive and effective healthcare system.
Keywords
Gender Bias, Healthcare Recruitment, Gender Equity, Workforce Diversity, Implicit Bias, Policy Recommendations, Healthcare Leadership, Wage Disparities, Inclusion in Healthcare, Healthcare Workforce Advancement.
References
[1] ALobaid AM, Gosling CM, Khasawneh E, McKenna L, Williams B. (2020). Challenges Faced by Female Healthcare Professionals in the Workforce: A Scoping Review. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020 Aug 5;13:681-691. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S254922. PMID: 32821112; PMCID: PMC7417925.
[2] Analyne Rapa Ignacio, Kim Sales, Reiner Lorenzo Tamayo (2024). Seeking gender equality in the global health workforce. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/seeking-gender-equality-global-health-workforce
[3] Association of American Medical Colleges. (2024). Women in medicine make gains but obstacles remain. Association of American Medical Colleges. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.aamc.org/news/women-medicine-make-gains-obstacles-remain#:~:text=Women%20account%20for%20an%20increasing,and%20graduate%20from%20medical%20school.&text=What's%20more%2C%20according%20to%20previously,first%20time%20in%202019%2D20.
[4] Bierer BE, Meloney LG, Ahmed HR, White SA. (2022). Advancing the inclusion of underrepresented women in clinical research. Cell Rep Med. 2022 Mar 7;3(4):100553. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100553. PMID: 35492242; PMCID: PMC9043984.
[5] California Civil Rights Department. (2023). Pay data reporting. California Civil Rights Department. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://calcivilrights.ca.gov/paydatareporting/
[6] Chen, Zhuo & Zhang, Yihong & Luo, Huabin & Zhang, Donglan & Rajbhandari-Thapa, Janani & Wang, Yuheng & Wang, Ruoxi & Bagwell-Adams, Grace. (2021). Narrowing but Persisting Gender Pay Gap among Employees of the US Department of Health and Human Services during 2010-2018. 10.21203/rs.3.rs-168996/v1.
[7] ChenMed. (2024). Championing diversity: The impact of women in medicine. ChenMed. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.chenmed.com/blog/championing-diversity-impact-women-medicine
[8] Cheraghi, R., Ebrahimi, H., Kheibar, N. et al. (2023). Reasons for resistance to change in nursing: an integrative review. BMC Nurs 22, 310 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01460-0
[9] Crespí-Lloréns N, Hernández-Aguado I, Chilet-Rosell E. (2021). Have Policies Tackled Gender Inequalities in Health? A Scoping Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 5;18(1):327. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010327. PMID: 33466282; PMCID: PMC7796005.
[10] Deel. (2024). Pay transparency laws in the U.S. Deel. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.deel.com/blog/pay-transparency-laws-in-the-us/
[11] Dill JS, Frogner BK. (2023). The gender wage gap among health care workers across educational and occupational groups. Health Aff Sch. 2023 Dec 27;2(1):qxad090. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxad090. PMID: 38756398; PMCID: PMC10986226.
[12] European Parliament. (2020). Understanding the gender pay gap: Definition and causes. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20200109STO69925/understanding-the-gender-pay-gap-definition-and-causes
[13] Forbes. (2022). Developing more women leaders in healthcare and cancer management. Forbes. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil/2022/06/27/developing-more-women-leaders-in-healthcare-and-cancer-management/
[14] Friedmann, E., & Efrat-Treister, D. (2023). Gender Bias in Stem Hiring: Implicit In-Group Gender Favoritism Among Men Managers. Gender & Society, 37(1), 32-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432221137910
[15] Funds for NGOs. (2024). A sample grant proposal on developing leadership skills among young women in politics and business. Funds for NGOs. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.fundsforngos.org/all-proposals/a-sample-grant-proposal-on-developing-leadership-skills-among-young-women-in-politics-and-business/#:~:text=By%20equipping%20these%20future%20leaders,fostering%20a%20more%20equitable%20society.
[16] GENDERACTION. (2021). Policy brief No. 10. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://h2020.genderaction.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/GENDERACTION_Policy-Brief_10.pdf
[17] Gopal DP, Chetty U, O'Donnell P, Gajria C, Blackadder-Weinstein J. (2021). Implicit bias in healthcare: clinical practice, research and decision making. Future Healthc J. 2021 Mar;8(1):40-48. doi: 10.7861/fhj.2020-0233. PMID: 33791459; PMCID: PMC8004354.
[18] Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund, Bram Lancee, Edvard Nergård Larsen, Javier G Polavieja, Jonas Radl, Ruta Yemane, (2022). Gender Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from a Cross-National Harmonized Field Experiment, European Sociological Review, Volume 38, Issue 3, June 2022, Pages 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcab043
[19] Health Policy Watch. (2024). Protect, pay, and promote women health workers. Health Policy Watch. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://healthpolicy-watch.news/protect-pay-and-promote-women-health-workers/
[20] HRbrain. (2024). Gender unconscious bias in recruitment. Retrieved from https://hrbrain.ai/blog/gender-unconscious-bias-in-recruitment/
[21] HR Magazine. (2024). How Virgin Media O2 uses blind recruiting to close the experience gap. HR Magazine. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/content/news/how-virgin-media-o2-uses-blind-recruiting-to-close-the-experience-gap/
[22] Iyer MS, Bradford C, Gottlieb AS, et al. (2024). Gender Differences in the Path to Medical School Deanship. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(7):e2420570. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20570
[23] Jasmine Gideon, Sumegha Asthana, Ramila Bisht. (2024). Health systems in India: analysing barriers to inclusive health leadership through a gender lens. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078351
[24] Jeff Lane, Gail Andrews, Erica Orange, Audrey Brezak, Gaurang Tanna, Lebogang Lebese, Terence Carter, Evasen Naidoo, Elise Levendal, Aaron Katz. (2020). Strengthening health policy development and management systems in low- and middle- income countries: South Africa's approach. Health Policy OPEN, Volume 1, 100010, ISSN 2590-2296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpopen.2020.100010.
[25] Joanna Chen, Anisa Nazir, Ayla Gerk, Pedra Rabiee, Isabella Faria, Kaela Blake, Tanaz Vaghaiwalla. (2025). Implementing a global mentoring program: A call to action for mentorship in surgery. The American Journal of Surgery, Volume 239, 115997, ISSN 0002-9610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2024.115997
[26] Langley Search. (2024). Creating an inclusive recruitment process: Tips for avoiding bias. Langley Search. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.langleysearch.com/blog/2024/06/creating-an-inclusive-recruitment-process-tips-for-avoiding-bias
[27] Mariam Mousa, Jacqueline Boyle, Helen Skouteris, Alexandra K Mullins, Graeme Currie, Kathleen Riach, Helena J Teede. (2021). Advancing women in healthcare leadership: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of multi-sector evidence on organisational interventions. EClinicalMedicine, Volume 39, 2021, 101084, ISSN 2589-5370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101084.
[28] Marshall, Andrea & Vue, Zer & Palavicino-Maggio, Caroline & Neikirk, Kit & Beasley, Heather & Garza Lopez, Edgar & Murray, Sandra & Martinez, Denise & Crabtree, Amber & Conley, Zachary & Vang, Larry & Davis, Jamaine & Powell-Roach, Keesha & Campbell, Susan & Brady, Lillian & Dal, Angyth & Shao, Bryanna & Alexander, Stefanie & Vang, Nancy & Hinton, Jr, Antentor. (2022). The Role of Mentoring in Promoting Diversity Equity and Inclusion in STEM Education and Research. Pathogens and Disease. 80. 10.1093/femspd/ftac019.
[29] Masibo, R.M., Kibusi, S.M. & Masika, G.M. (2024). Gender dynamics in nursing profession: impact on professional practice and development in Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res 24, 1179 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11641-5
[30] Mcilongo M, Strydom K. (2021). The significance of mentorship in supporting the career advancement of women in the public sector. Heliyon. 2021 Jun 16;7(6):e07321. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07321. PMID: 34189329; PMCID: PMC8220325.
[31] Mose JN. (2021). Representation of Women in Top Executive Positions in General Medical-Surgical Hospitals in the United States. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle). 2021 May 11;2(1):124-132. doi: 10.1089/whr.2020.0111. PMID: 34036295; PMCID: PMC8139257.
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2020). The future of nursing 2020-2030: Charting a path to achieve health equity. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555386/
[33] National Science Foundation. (2024). Supporting women and girls in STEM. National Science Foundation. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://new.nsf.gov/funding/initiatives/broadening-participation/supporting-women-girls-stem
[34] National Women's Law Center. (2023). NWLC pay range transparency factsheet. National Women's Law Center. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/NWLC-Pay-Range-Transparency-Factsheet_2023-1.pdf
[35] Nentwich, Julia & Baumgärtner, Miriam & Chowdhury, Nilima & Witzig, Verena. (2021). Gender Bias in Recruiting: Developing a Social Practice Perspective. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning. 11-24. 10.7146/kkf.v31i3.128398.
[36] Office on Women's Health. (2024). Funding opportunities. Office on Women's Health. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://womenshealth.gov/about-us/work-us/funding-opportunities#:~:text=The%20Office%20of%20the%20Assistant,consumers%2C%20and%20support%20innovative%20programs.
[37] Pérez-Sánchez S, Madueño SE, Montaner J. (2021). Gender Gap in the Leadership of Health Institutions: The Influence of Hospital-Level Factors. Health Equity. 2021 Aug 13;5(1):521-525. doi: 10.1089/heq.2021.0013. PMID: 34476325; PMCID: PMC8409238.
[38] ProLink Healthcare. (2024). History of women in healthcare. ProLink Healthcare. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://prolinkworks.com/perspectives/history-of-women-in-healthcare
[39] Ruprecht, M. (2021). Clips. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://michalruprecht.com/pages/clips/34
[40] Sarah M. Temkin, Arghavan Salles, Elizabeth Barr, Cecilia B. Leggett, Jeffrey S. Reznick, Melissa S. Wong. (2024). “Women's work”: Gender and the physician workforce. Social Science & Medicine, Volume 351, Supplement 1, 116556, ISSN 0277-9536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116556.
[41] Schwartz R, Williams MF, Feldman MD. (2024). Does Sponsorship Promote Equity in Career Advancement in Academic Medicine? A Scoping Review. J Gen Intern Med. 2024 Feb;39(3):470-480. doi: 10.1007/s11606-023-08542-4. Epub 2023 Dec 6. PMID: 38055164; PMCID: PMC10897109.
[42] Shiftbase. (2024). Blind screening. Shiftbase. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.shiftbase.com/glossary/blind-screening#:~:text=Reducing%20bias&text=Unconscious%20biases%2C%20such%20as%20those,on%20their%20skills%20and%20experience.
[43] Skinner L, Yates M, Auerbach DI, Buerhaus PI, Staiger DO. (2023). Marriage, Children, and Sex-Based Differences in Physician Hours and Income. JAMA Health Forum. 2023;4(3):e230136. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.0136
[44] Vassallo A, Walker K, Georgousakis M, Joshi R (2021). Do mentoring programmes influence women's careers in the health and medical research sector? A mixed-methods evaluation of Australia's Franklin Women Mentoring Programme. BMJ Open. 2021 Oct 24;11(10):e052560. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052560. PMID: 34690110; PMCID: PMC8559124.
[45] Vela MB, Erondu AI, Smith NA, Peek ME, Woodruff JN, Chin MH. (2022). Eliminating Explicit and Implicit Biases in Health Care: Evidence and Research Needs. Annu Rev Public Health. 2022 Apr 5;43:477-501. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052620-103528. Epub 2022 Jan 12. PMID: 35020445; PMCID: PMC9172268.
[46] Vian T. (2020). Anti-corruption, transparency and accountability in health: concepts, frameworks, and approaches. Glob Health Action. 2020;13(sup1):1694744. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1694744. PMID: 32194010; PMCID: PMC7170369.
[47] Vivek, Ramakrishnan. (2022). Is Blind Recruitment an Effective Recruitment Method?. International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management. 3. 56-72. 10.51137/ijarbm.2022.3.3.4.
[48] World Economic Forum. (2023). Novo Nordisk: Making inclusivity a reality. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.initiatives.weforum.org/good-work-alliance/case-study-details/novo-nordisk:-making-inclusivity-a-reality/aJY68000000PAwUGAW
[49] Women in Global Health. (2022). Gender-equal health and care workforce. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://womeningh.org/gender-equal-health-and-care-workforce/
[50] World Bank. (2023). Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099053307112340463/pdf/IDU0b06567180c5f70449b0ad01070b723f7c1fc.pdf
[51] World Health Organization. (2021). Gender and health. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/gender-and-health#:~:text=Gender%20norms%2C%20socialization%2C,health%20risks%20faced%20and%20taken
[52] Yale School of the Environment. (2024). American Association of University Women (AAUW) career development grant. Yale School of the Environment. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://funds.environment.yale.edu/american-association-university-women-aauw-career-development-grant
[53] Zawn Villines (2021). Effects of gender discrimination on health. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/effects-of-gender-discrimination
How to cite this paper
@article{1707040,
author = {Oluwatayo J. Owoyomi},
title = {National Policy Recommendations for Reducing Gender Bias in U.S. Healthcare Recruitment and Advancement},
journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
year = {2025},
volume = {8},
number = {7},
pages = {683-694},
issn = {2456-8880},
url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1707040.pdf},
abstract = {Gender bias remains a pervasive challenge in U.S. healthcare recruitment and advancement, limiting opportunities for women and underrepresented genders while undermining the sector's potential for diversity, equity, and inclusion. This article examines the extent of gender disparities in healthcare hiring and promotion, emphasizing the importance of equitable practices for the sector?s effectiveness and sustainability. The primary objective is to present actionable policy recommendations at federal, state, and institutional levels to address these biases. Through a comprehensive literature review, quantitative data analysis, and case studies, the study highlights systemic barriers, such as implicit and explicit biases in recruitment practices, wage disparities, and underrepresentation in leadership roles. The findings emphasize the pressing need for interventions, including blind recruitment processes, standardized promotion criteria, gender bias training programs, and regular pay audits. The methodology employed involves an evidence-based approach, integrating statistical analyses and case study evaluations to provide a deep foundation for policy development. Key findings reveal that targeted interventions can enhance gender diversity in healthcare leadership and reduce wage disparities, contributing to improved organizational performance and patient outcomes. Addressing gender bias encompasses both matters of social justice and a strategic imperative for optimizing healthcare delivery and workforce efficiency. This study contributes to the growing discourse on gender equity in healthcare by offering practical solutions that align with broader efforts to foster an inclusive and effective healthcare system.},
keywords = {Gender Bias, Healthcare Recruitment, Gender Equity, Workforce Diversity, Implicit Bias, Policy Recommendations, Healthcare Leadership, Wage Disparities, Inclusion in Healthcare, Healthcare Workforce Advancement.},
month = {January},
}