Halitosis Revisited: Exploring The Causes, Diagnosis, And Treatment of Chronic Oral Malodor

• Author(s): Igiri Vivian Chika ; Oparaocha, E, T; Osuoha Chinyere Beatice ; Obinna R. O; Onyemekara Nnenna Nelly ; Ike Christian C; Echeta, M. O; Mbanu, Gloria E ; Innocent David Chinaecherem; Anyakorah Precious Ebube
• Paper ID: 1708650
• Page: 1199-1206
• Published Date: 21-05-2025
• Published In: Iconic Research And Engineering Journals
• Publisher: IRE Journals
• e-ISSN: 2456-8880
• Volume/Issue: Volume 8 Issue 11 May-2025

Abstract

Halitosis, sometimes known as oral malodor or chronic foul breath, is a widespread disorder that seriously affects psychological well-being and social contacts. Halitosis is still underappreciated and untreated, even though it is somewhat common worldwide. This narrative review aims to present knowledge of halitosis's prevalence, aetiology, diagnosis methods, and clinical care approaches. A thorough assessment of the literature was done with a focus on studies on the epidemiology, aetiology, microbiology, and therapy approaches related to halitosis. Halitosis affects an estimated 20% to 50% of the worldwide population, with prevalence depending on region, socioeconomic level, and dental hygiene habits. Up to 85% of cases are related to intraoral causes like tongue biofilm and periodontal disease. Among extraoral causes are systemic, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ones. Diagnosis is defined by organoleptic evaluation, volatile sulphur compound (VSC) monitoring, and microbiological analysis. Periodontal therapy, tongue cleansing, antibacterial agents, masking agents, and, where necessary, physician referrals for systemic reasons are among the management strategies. Halitosis is still a major public health and clinical problem. Early detection and customised treatment, mostly with a focus towards dental hygiene and periodontal treatment, are absolutely vital. Standardising diagnostic criteria and maximising multidisciplinary techniques for therapy are still areas for future research.

Citations

IRE Journals:
Igiri Vivian Chika , Oparaocha, E, T; Osuoha Chinyere Beatice , Obinna R. O; Onyemekara Nnenna Nelly , Ike Christian C; Echeta, M. O; Mbanu, Gloria E , Innocent David Chinaecherem; Anyakorah Precious Ebube "Halitosis Revisited: Exploring The Causes, Diagnosis, And Treatment of Chronic Oral Malodor" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 8 Issue 11 2025 Page 1199-1206

IEEE:
Igiri Vivian Chika , Oparaocha, E, T; Osuoha Chinyere Beatice , Obinna R. O; Onyemekara Nnenna Nelly , Ike Christian C; Echeta, M. O; Mbanu, Gloria E , Innocent David Chinaecherem; Anyakorah Precious Ebube "Halitosis Revisited: Exploring The Causes, Diagnosis, And Treatment of Chronic Oral Malodor" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 8(11)