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Comparative Evaluation of Livcholine DS and Choline Chloride in Swine Growth and Performance
Subject area: Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences · Area of research: Animal Nutrition
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient required for optimal growth, lipid transport, and hepatic function in pigs. Although synthetic choline chloride (60?%) is routinely incorporated into commercial feeds, its hygroscopic and corrosive nature can impair feed quality and handling. Livcholine?DS, a polyherbal alternative rich in natural phosphatidylcholine, offers a heat?stable, non?hygroscopic source of bioavailable choline. A 42?day feeding trial with 120 grower?finisher pigs compared a negative control diet (no added choline), a synthetic choline chloride diet (1?kg/MT), and a Livcholine?DS diet (150?g/MT). Livcholine?DS significantly improved average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and liver enzyme profiles versus both control and choline chloride, while reducing mortality. The data demonstrate that Livcholine?DS, at just 15?% of the inclusion rate of choline chloride, affords superior zootechnical and hepatic outcomes, confirming its value as a sustainable natural alternative.
Keywords
Livcholine DS, swine, natural choline, growth performance, liver enzymes
References
[1] National Research Council (NRC). 2012. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 11th Rev. Ed. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
[2] de Souza DF, Mendes CF, Barros FO, et al. 2023. Effects of a polyherbal formulation as a natural replacer of choline chloride in weaned piglet diets. J. Anim. Health Prod. 12(3):114‑122.
[3] Wu G, Fanzo J, Miller DD, et al. 2022. Choline nutrition and metabolism in animals: Function and regulation. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 13:56.
[4] Sharma RK, Bajpai VK, Rahman M. 2020. Herbal alternatives to synthetic additives in swine nutrition. Vet. World 13(4):787‑794.
[5] Zhang H, Zhao J, Wang X, et al. 2023. Dietary supplementation of choline chloride improves intestinal barrier and microbial balance in pigs. Front. Nutr. 10:1101519.
How to cite this paper
@article{1709454,
author = {Dr. N. Singh, Dr. P. Kumar, Pramod Sharma},
title = {Comparative Evaluation of Livcholine DS and Choline Chloride in Swine Growth and Performance},
journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
year = {2025},
volume = {8},
number = {12},
pages = {1587-1590},
issn = {2456-8880},
url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1709454.pdf},
abstract = {Choline is an essential nutrient required for optimal growth, lipid transport, and hepatic function in pigs. Although synthetic choline chloride (60?%) is routinely incorporated into commercial feeds, its hygroscopic and corrosive nature can impair feed quality and handling. Livcholine?DS, a polyherbal alternative rich in natural phosphatidylcholine, offers a heat?stable, non?hygroscopic source of bioavailable choline. A 42?day feeding trial with 120 grower?finisher pigs compared a negative control diet (no added choline), a synthetic choline chloride diet (1?kg/MT), and a Livcholine?DS diet (150?g/MT). Livcholine?DS significantly improved average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and liver enzyme profiles versus both control and choline chloride, while reducing mortality. The data demonstrate that Livcholine?DS, at just 15?% of the inclusion rate of choline chloride, affords superior zootechnical and hepatic outcomes, confirming its value as a sustainable natural alternative.},
keywords = {Livcholine DS, swine, natural choline, growth performance, liver enzymes},
month = {June},
}