Multidimensional Evaluation of Fire Risk Management in Informal Retail Markets: A Case Study of Ilorin, Nigeria

References

[1] Abiodun, T. (2019).Electrical Infrastructure in Nigerian Markets: Risks and Recommendations. Journal of Engineering and Safety, 12(4), 233- 245.

[2] Abubakar, S. (2020).Fire Safety Challenges in Kwara State Retail Markets: An Analysis of Compliance Issues. Journal of Safety and Risk Management, 11(4), 50-63.

[3] Abubakar, M. (2020).Fire Risks in Retail Markets: An Analysis of Structural Vulnerabilities. International Journal of Urban Planning and Architecture, 8(2), 145-167.

[4] Adebayo, K. (2019). Fire Prevention and Safety in Developing Countries: A Nigerian Perspective. Safety Science Review, 14(1), 34- 49.

[5] Adegbite, J. (2021). Fire Safety Challenges in Informal Retail Markets: A Review of Safety Measures and Policies. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 18(3), 45-59.

[6] Adedeji, T., Ogunbiyi, R., & Kareem, B. (2022).The Influence of Poor Fire Safety Measures in Nigerian Retail Markets: A Case Study of Kwara State. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 24(2), 137- 150.

[7] Aderonmu, P., Erebor, E. M., Omwanghe, S., and Eghobamien, O.V. (2023). Curbing Fire Outbreaks in Public Places; Case Studies of Selected Markets in Lagos Curbing Fire Outbreaks in Public Places.Archiculture.2636- 6747.

[8] Ageboba, P. A., Laar, S.K., and Dinye., A. (2023). Reducing the Risk of Fire Outbreak in Compliance with Fire Safety Regulations in Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice.14(13):60-69.

[9] Akashah, F. W., Baaki, T. K., Anuar, M. F., Azmi., N. F., Yahya., Z. (2020). Factors Affecting Adoption of Emergency Evacuation Strategies in High-Rise Office Buildings. Journal of Design and Built Environment.10.2245/jdbe.vol20no3.1.

[10] Alao, M. K., Yahya, B. M., Mahmood, Aliu, I. (2020). Fire Safety Protection and Prevention Measures in Nigeria Office Buildings. International Journal of Managements and Humanities.4(5):109-115.

[11] Bibri, S. E., Krogstie, J., and Kärrholm, M. (2020).Compact City Planning and Development: Emerging Practices and Strategies for Achieving the Goals of Sustainability. Developments in the Built Environment. Volume 4, November 2020, 100021.

[12] Bollettino, I., Alcayna-Stevensa, T, Sharma, M., Dy, P., Phama,P., and Vinck, P. (2019). Environmental Impacts of Household Appliances in Europe and Scenarios for their Impact Reduction.Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 267, 10 September 2020, 121952.

[13] Cote, A. E., &Bugbee, P. A. (2019).Principles of Fire Protection.Jones & Bartlett Learning.

[14] Cote, A. E., & Bugbee, P. J. (2019).Fire Protection Handbook(20th ed.). National Fire Protection Association.

[15] Chukwudum, C., & Okafor, A. (2023).Evaluating Fire Safety Documents and Regulatory Compliance in Nigerian Markets. Safety Science Journal, 29(4), 123-136.

[16] Cvetković, M, V., Dragašević, A., Protić , D., Janković, B., Nikolić, N., and Miloševic, P. (2022). Fire Safety Behavior Model for Residential Buildings: Implications for Disaster Risk Reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Volume 76, 15 June 2022, 102981.

[17] European Commission.(2016). Construction Products Regulation (CPR) and Eurocodes.European Commission.

[18] Federal Fire Service.(2021). National Fire Safety Code. Federal Fire Service of Nigeria.

[19] Gbenga, A. (2014). Analysis of Fire Incidents in Nigerian Markets and the Role of Electrical Faults. Fire Safety Journal, 12(3), 55-69.

[20] Hsiao, C. and Hsieh, S. (2023). Real-time Fire Protection System Architecture for Building Safety.Journal of Building Engineering. Volume 67, 15 May 2023, 105913.

[21] Ibrahim, T., Bako, F., Raheem, M., & Abdulyekeen, O. (2014).Population Growth and Socioeconomic Development in Ilorin Metropolis. Journal of Urban Development, 8(2), 134-148.

[22] Ilodiuba, N., Nwaogazie, I. L., and Ugbebor, J. (2020). Causes and Strategies od Curbing Market Fire in Nigeria. Emerging Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 2. 10.9734/bpi/elst/v2.

[23] International Code Council (ICC).(2018). International Fire Code. International Code Council.

[24] Jang, H. (2020). Design and Safety: Managing Fire Risks in Retail Environments. Fire Safety Journal, 48(3), 190-203.

[25] Jude, B. (2024). Fire Safety Design Options in Residential Building. International Journal of Innovative Environmental Studies Research. 11(3):83-87.

[26] Kabara, Ad; Sahabo, M. M., Habibu, A. S. (2023).Assessment of Fire Safety Preparedness in Muhammad AbubakarRimi Market (SabonGari) Kano, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environment. Vol. 27 (8) 1857- 1864.

[27] Kwara State Diary.(2008). Kwara State at a Glance. Kwara State Government Press.

[28] Mann, T. (2010).Causes of Fire Outbreaks in Nigerian Markets: A Comprehensive Study. Nigerian Fire Safety Review, 15(4), 89-102.

[29] National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). (2020). NFPA 1: Fire code. National Fire Protection Association.

[30] Nnodim, O. (2020). Challenges in Enforcing the Fire Safety Act in Nigerian Markets. Nigerian Journal of Fire Safety, 7(2), 22-30.

[31] Nnodim, O. (2020). Fire Hazards and Safety Measures in Nigerian Retail Markets: A Case Study of Kwara State Journal of Risk Management, 15(2), 89-101.

[32] Nwogugu, M., Eze, C., & Obikwelu, I. (2021).Fire Prevention Strategies and Policy Implications in Developing Countries. Journal of Safety Research and Development, 33(7), 214-228.

[33] Ogunleye, S., Adebayo, K., &Aliyu, J. (2020).Fire Risk and Preparedness in Urban Retail Markets: Insights from Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Urban Safety and Emergency Management, 15(2), 98-112

[34] Ojo, A., & Akinola, D. (2019).Fire Safety in Informal Markets: Case Studies from Kwara State. African Journal of Safety and Environmental Studies, 11(4), 200-216.

[35] Olaiya, P. (2013). Electrical Faults and Fire Outbreaks in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis. Journal of Electrical Safety, 9(1), 22-29.

[36] Olawale, A. (2018). Fire Incidents in Nigerian Markets: Prevention and Response Mechanisms. Nigerian Fire Journal, 13(3), 67- 78.

[37] Popoola, A., Adekalu, O. B., and Abiodun, A. A. (2016).Analysis of Causes and Characteristics of Market Fires in Lagos State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricand Rural Development.19(1): 2407-2421.

[38] Rahardjo, H. A. and Prihanton, M. (2019).The Most Critical Issues and Challenges of Fire Safety for Building Sustainability in Jakarta. Journal of Building Engineering. 2019.101133.

[39] Spinardi, G and Law, A. (2019).Beyond the stable door: Hackitt and the future of fire safety regulation in the UK. Fire Safety Journal.Firesafe.2019.102856.

[40] Taherdoost, H. (2017). Determining Sample Size; How to Calculate Survey Sample Size. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 2, 237-239.

[41] Yun, H., Nam, D., and Hwang, W. (2020). An Experimental Study on the Fire Spread Rate and Separation Distance Between Facing Stores in Passage-Type Traditional Market. Energies. 13(17):4458.

[42] Zhang, C. (2023). Review of Structural Fire Hazards, Challenges, and Prevention Strategies. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. 10.3390.

@article{1709814,
      author = {Adeniran Sunday Kayode, Makinde O. O.},
      title = {Multidimensional Evaluation of Fire Risk Management in Informal Retail Markets: A Case Study of Ilorin, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1320-1328},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1709814.pdf},
      abstract = {Fire outbreaks in informal retail markets pose significant threats to life, property, and economic stability, especially in rapidly urbanizing cities of developing nations. This study presents a multidimensional evaluation of fire risk management in selected informal retail markets within Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrated surveys, field observations, and case studies, the research assessed the adequacy of existing fire safety infrastructure, identified likely causes of fire incidents, examined traders' awareness and preparedness levels, and proposed architectural based safety interventions. The findings revealed widespread deficiencies in fire safety provisions, with critical infrastructure such as extinguishers, alarms, fire exits, and escape routes either absent or poorly maintained. Over 80% of respondents lacked awareness of emergency fire procedures, while electrical faults were identified as the predominant cause of market fires. Architectural recommendations including improved electrical installations, use of fire-resistant materials, wider walkways, and designated fire exits were proposed to enhance market safety. The study concludes that effective fire risk mitigation in informal markets requires integrated interventions spanning infrastructure, awareness, architectural design, and regulatory enforcement. The recommendations offer practical solutions for policymakers, architects, market authorities, and urban safety planners in Nigeria and other developing contexts.},
      keywords = {Fire safety, Fire risk mitigation, Urban planning, Architectural safety design, Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria},
      month = {July},
  }