Assessment of Data Privacy Protection Framework in AI and BIM Enabled Architectural Practices in Nigeria

References

[1] Agbali, M. A., Dahiru, G., Olufemi, I. A., & Kashifu, O. V. (2020). Data Privacy and Protection: The Role of Regulation and Implications for Data Controllers in Developing Countries. Information and Communication Technologies for Development, 1-12.

[2] Agency, N. I. (2022). Data Protection & Cyber Security: NITDA, MasterCard Partner to Improve Ecosystem. Abuja: National Information Technology Development Agency.

[3] Akande, I., Alagbe, O. T., Adebayo, O. A., Olaosun, S., & Oyedele, I. O. (2023). Prospects And Challenges Of Emerging Technologies In Architectural Design Practice Within The Nigerian Context. Journal of Namibian Studies, 33.

[4] Akash, P. (2025). BIM Levels Explained. East Hartford: United BIM.

[5] Asere, G. F., Adenomon, M. O., Aimufua, G. I., & Ibrahim, U. (2025). The Effects of Data Privacy Regulations on Cybersecurity Practices in Nigeria and Africa. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 1-24.

[6] Awe, M., Malhi, A., Budka, M., Mavengere, N., & Dave, B. (2025). Towards 4D BIM: A Systematic Literature Review on Challenges, Strategies and Tools in Leveraging AI with BIM. Buildings, 15(7), 1072.

[7] Bygrave, L. A. (2010). Privacy and data protection in an international perspective. Scandinavian studies in law, 56(8), 165-200.

[8] Caetano, I., & Leitão, A. (2020). Architecture meets computation: an overview of the evolution of computational design approaches in architecture. Architectural Science Review, 63(2), 165-174.

[9] Ciranka, S., & Van den Bos, W. (2019). Social influence in adolescent decision-making: A formal framework. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1915-1921.

[10] Ezema, A. O., & Ozioko, M. V. (2024). The Importance of Governance in Safeguarding Privacy and Security in Nigeria's Technology Industry: A Legal Review . Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of Private and Property Law, 1(1), 138-151.

[11] França, R. P., Bonacin, R., & Monteiro, A. C. (2024). An Overview of Data Privacy and Security in Cloud Platforms: Exploring the Intersection of Digital Technologies Currently. Digital Cultural Heritage, 21-39.

[12] Israel, O., & Chukwuemezie, C. E. (2021). An Examination of the Legal Framework for Data Privacy and Protection in Nigeria. Social Science Research Network, 23-25.

[13] Koutamanis, A., Dainty, A., Kvan, T., & Turk, Ž. (2021). The enigma of BIM. Architecture, Structures and Construction, 1-9.

[14] Negri-Ribalta, C., Lombard-Platet, M., & Salinesi, C. (2024). Understanding the GDPR from a requirements engineering perspective—a systematic mapping study on regulatory data protection requirements. Requirements Engineering, 29(4), 523-549.

[15] Nermen, M. M., & Nevine, G. G. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Architecture: Integration into Architectural Design Process. Engineering Research Journal, 181.

[16] Oke, A. E., Adekunye, O. J., Adeosun, F. E., Aliu, J., Akanni, P. O., Aghimien, D., & Aigbavboa, C. O. (2025). Assessment of the challenges of integrating cyber-physical systems in Nigerian construction. Engineering. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management., 33.

[17] Parn, E. A., & Edwards, D. (2019). Cyber threats confronting the digital built environment: Common data environment vulnerabilities and block chain deterrence. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26(2), 245-266.

[18] Raitviir, C. R., & Lill, I. (2024). Conceptual Framework of Information Flow Synchronization throughout the Building Lifecycle. Buildings, 14(7), 2207.

[19] Saad, S., Haris, M., Ammad, S., & Rasheed, K. (2024). AI-assisted building design. AI in material science, 143-168.

[20] Salami-Pargoo, N., & Ilbeigi, M. (2023). A scoping review for cybersecurity in the construction industry. Journal of Management in Engineering, 39(2), 03122003.

[21] Salawu, R., Shamsuddin, A., Bolatitio, S., & Masibo, S. (2023). Theoretical and conceptual frameworks in research: Conceptual clarification. European Chemical Bulletin, 12(12), 2103-2117.

[22] Sürücü, L., & Maslakci, A. (2020). Validity and reliability in quantitative research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694-2726.

[23] Tellios, A., Koulali, P., & Valsamidou, K. (2024). Designing Tomorrow: AI and the Future of Architectural Design Process. Interdisciplinary Journal of Architecture And Built Environment, (27), 22-25.

[24] Tiwari, A., Masilamani, M., Rao, T. S., Zope, S., Deepak, S. A., & Karthick, L. (2025). Shaping the Future: Emerging Trends and Strategic Predictions in Big Data and AI. AI and the Revival of Big Data, 125-154.

[25] Zhang, X. (2025). BIM model generation and protection: an automated solution under deep learning and differential privacy. Evolutionary Intelligence, 18(1), 29.

@article{1709901,
      author = {Akintunde Glory Joseph , Popoola Micheal Olamilekan, Akande Ifeoluwa},
      title = {Assessment of Data Privacy Protection Framework in AI and BIM Enabled Architectural Practices in Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1787-1799},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1709901.pdf},
      abstract = {The increasing usage of digital technologies in the construction industry result in the generation, transmission and storage of sensitive data, and this has triggered concerns over data privacy and protection in the industry, especially in developing situations where enforcement and consciousness of data protection regulations are weak. This paper evaluates data privacy and protection practices amongst construction professionals in Lagos, Nigeria to determine the existing practices, levels of awareness and compliance to data protection regulations. A quantitative research method was adopted for this study using structured questionnaires administered to a random sample of 103 construction professionals in Lagos. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, relative importance index (RII) and mean score ranking to determine the extent of data protection practices, challenges associated with data protection and the major risk exposure areas. The study also determined the level of awareness of Nigeria`s Data Protection Regulation (NDPR) and few international standards (General Data Protection Regulation: GDPR). The study revealed that although there is increasing usage of digital technologies such as cloud storage, BIM, mobile apps and collaborative platforms in their designs and delivery of projects, data protection practices are sub-optimal. Password protection, antivirus software and basic encryption were found to be the most practiced methods while more advanced protocols such as rolebased access control, regular data audits and employee training were poorly adopted. The study further revealed that only 38% of respondents were aware of NDPR, and even fewer had formal data privacy policies. The study concludes that there is a huge gap in data privacy practice in Lagos construction industry driven by the level of regulatory knowledge, inadequate organisation policy framework and weak regulatory enforcement. The paper recommends training of construction professionals, development of internal data protection protocols and stronger alignment with national and international regulations. The study findings provide a strong basis for incorporating data privacy into the digitalisation agenda of Nigeria`s construction industry to ensure secure, compliant and ethical use of digital technologies in the sector.},
      keywords = {Data Privacy, NDPR, Digital Construction, Construction Professionals, Cybersecurity, BIM, GDPR},
      month = {July},
  }