A Study On the Toxicological/ Clinical Effects of Drugs/Substance Abuse Among Nigerian Youths: A Review Study

References

[1] Abdullahi, H. A., Chibueze, E. I. & Kuje, J. R. (2023). Effect of Tramadol Hydrocholoride on the Biomarkers of Liver and Kidney Function and Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6(1), 87–92.

[2] Abdulrasheed, M. M., Bosan, I. B., Ibrahim, A., Jallo, A. M., Manko, M., Mohammed, M. & Umar, K. (2023). Assessment of renal and hepatic function in people that engage in substance abuse among rehabilitation home inmates in Kaduna. Calabar Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1), 35-38.

[3] Adias, T. C., Egerton, E. & Erhabor, O. (2013). Evaluation of coagulation parameters and liver enzymes among alcohol drinkers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International journal of general medicine, 6, 489–494.

[4] Aladekoyi, G. & Orungbemi, O. O. (2016). Comparative studies of physico-chemical composition and antibacterial activities of essential oil extracted from medicinal plants of scent leaves (Ocimum basilicumLamiaceae and Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae). Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 1(1), 28-34.

[5] Amirkhani, M., Martek, I., & Luther, M. (2021). Mapping research trends in residential construction retrofitting: A scientometric literature review. Energies, 14(19), 6106.

[6] Analike, R., & Loveth, E., & Ogbodo, C., & Ip, E., & Obioma, O., & Amah, U., & Mbaeri, T., & Oguaka, V., & Kalu, A. & Chukwuemeka, S. (2018). Evaluation of Renal Function of Apparently Healthy Male Cannabis Smokers of College of Health Sciences, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Engineering Invention, 4, 10.23958/ijsei/vol04-i01/01.

[7] Büchter, R. B., Weise, A., & Pieper, D. (2020). Development, testing and use of data extraction forms in systematic reviews: a review of methodological guidance. BMC medical research methodology, 20(1), 259.

[8] Caldwell, S. H., Hoffman, M., Lisman, T., Macik, B. G., Northup, P. G., Reddy, K. R., ... & Coagulation in Liver Disease Group. (2006). Coagulation disorders and hemostasis in liver disease: pathophysiology and critical assessment of current management. Hepatology, 44(4), 1039-1046.

[9] Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. & Bhugra, D. (2022). Analysis of global prevalence of mental and substance use disorders within countries: Focus on sociodemographic characteristics and income levels. Int Rev Psychiatry, 34(1), 6-15.

[10] Catherine, E., Peace, N., Harcourt, P. & Harcourt, P. (2019). Forms and incidence of drug abuse among Nigerian adolescents. Int J Innov Psychol Soc Dev., 7, 7-13.

[11] Chavez Jr, F., & Murcia, J. V. (2023). A Systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between remote work arrangements and job satisfaction of employees in private firms. Southeast Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(3),

[12] Dangana, A., & Abdullahi, I. N., & Medugu, J. & Emeribe, A. (2016). Hematological Changes Associated with Illicit Drug Abuse in A City of Northern Nigeria. International Journal of Hematology Research, 2(3), 160-163.

[13] Dic-Ijiewere, E. O. & Osadolor, H. B. (2023). CYP24A1 and CYP3A4 Levels, Renal, Hepatic Changes, and Incidence of Oxidative Stress in Tramadol-Alcohol Concomitant Misuse. Cureus, 15(3), e36877.

[14] Effraim, K. D., Jacks, T. W. & Sodipo, O. A. (2003). Histopathological studies on the toxicity of ocimum gratissimum leaves extract on some organs of rabbits. Afican Journal of Biomedical Research, 6, 21-25.

[15] Elkhateeb, A., El Khishin, I., Megahed, O. & Mazen, F. (2015). Effect of Nigella sativa Linn oil on tramadol-induced hepato- and nephrotoxicity in adult male albino rats. Toxicol Rep., 2, 512-519.

[16] Etura, J., Andrew K., Akpan, U. & Jeremiah, Z. (2024). Haematological variations associated with alcohol consumption in a Nigerian university community. Sanamed, 19(2), 173–180

[17] Federal Ministry of Health (2017). National Guidelines for Quantification of Narcotic Medicines. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health.

[18] Ijeh, I. I., Omodamiro, O. D., & Nwanna, I. J. (2005). Antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic fractions of two species: Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum. Journal of Medicinal Aromatics Science, 26(1), 44-45.

[19] Jatau, A. I., Sha'aban, A., Gulma, K. A., Shitu, Z., Khalid, G. M., Isa, A., Wada, A. S. & Mustapha, M. (2021). The Burden of Drug Abuse in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies and Drug Laws. Public health reviews, 42, 1603960.

[20] Lefebvre, C., Glanville, J., Briscoe, S., Featherstone, R., Littlewood, A., Marshall, C., Metzendorf, M. I., Noel-Storr, A., Paynter, R., Rader, T., Thomas, J. & Wieland, L. S. (2022). Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.

[21] Maduka, V.A. & Onuoha, E.C. (2024). Biomarkers of Liver Status in Heavy Alcoholics Drinkers Resident in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(1), 138-144.

[22] Montori, V. M., Swiontkowski, M. F. & Cook, D. J. (2003). Methodologic issues in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 413, 43-54.

[23] Obayi, O. & Obayi, N. O. K. (2019). Tramadol-induced Seizure in a Nigerian Female Quarry Labourer: A Case Report. Journal of medical Science and Clinical Research, 7(11),494-497.

[24] Owoade, A. O., Adetutu, A., Olorunmisola, O. S. (2019). Haematological and biochemical changes in blood, liver and kidney tissues under the effect of tramadol treatment. J Alcohol Drug Depend., 7, 327.

[25] Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hrobjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., & Moher, D. (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105906.

[26] Robinson, S. M. & Adinoff, B. (2016). The classification of substance use disorders: Historical, contextual, and conceptual considerations. Behav Sci (Basel), 6, 2-23.

[27] SAMSHA. (2022). National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Re¬leases. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/release/2022-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases. Accessed Aug 02, 2024.

[28] Sniazhko, S. & Muralidharan, E. (2019). Uncertainty in decision-making: A review of the international business literature. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1), 1650692.

[29] Spoerke, N., Underwood, S., Differding, J., Van, P., Sambasivan, C., Shapiro, D., & Schreiber, M. (2010). Effects of ethanol intoxication and gender on blood coagulation. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 68(5), 1106-1111.

[30] Tripodi, A. &Mannucci, P. M. (2011). The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med., 365, 147.

[31] Wangner, W. L, Herbst, D. R. & Sohmer, S. H. (1999). Colocasia in manual of the following flowering plants of Hawail. University of Hawaii press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 1356-1357.

[32] WHO (2024). Alcohol, e-cigarettes, cannabis: concerning trends in adolescent substance use, shows new WHO/Europe report. Available at https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/25-04-2024-alcohol--e-cigarettes-cannabisconcerning-trends-in-adolescent-substance-use--shows-new-who-europe-report

[33] Zacharia, G. S. & Jacob, A. (2025). Liver disorders in substance abusers. Hepatology Forum, 6(1), 34–40.

@article{1710343,
      author = {James, Onisodumeya Elemchukwu, Umudi, Benjamin Akpore, Unye-Ejit, Joshua Emiyarei},
      title = {A Study On the Toxicological/ Clinical Effects of Drugs/Substance Abuse Among Nigerian Youths: A Review Study},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {2},
      pages = {1120-1129},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1710343.pdf},
      abstract = {Drug abuse by Nigerian students and youths is an emerging health problem. This systematic review summarized the evidence of the toxicological effects of drug abuse among the young population in Nigeria, majorly on commonly used drugs, their patterns of use, and their reported toxicological effects. The literature search (2010-2024) was performed with the help of major databases and PRISMA guidelines. Eight articles passed inclusion criteria, which were six cross-sectional and two case-control/case-report studies in undergraduates or youth groups. The reported substances contained alcohol and opioid analgesics (tramadol, codeine). Measured outcomes included liver enzymes, renal markers of function, blood counts, and clinical outcomes. Results showed that there was biochemical organ damage: alcohol users had an increased liver enzyme (AST, GGT) and hematologic abnormalities (anemia, thrombocytopenia), whereas, opioid users had renal failure (reduced eGFR). Polydrug abuse (alcohol/opioids) was related to metabolic acidosis and oxidative stress (elevated LDH, MDA; reduced antioxidants). These findings are consistent with world trends in substance toxicity and reflect the well-known association between excessive alcohol/opioid consumption and organ injury. The review gives an insight on the mitigation measures, focusing on the coordinated prevention as a strategy to reduce substance abuse among young people to safeguard health. This will involve age-specific community and school-based education, peer-based interventions, and frequent health screening so that substance-related damage can be identified and dealt with.},
      keywords = {Substance abuse; Toxicological effects; Nigerian youth; Alcohol; Opioids.},
      month = {August},
  }