Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters and Microbial Safety of Sachet Water Samples: A Study of 30 Brands in Gombe Metroplis, Nigeria

References

[1] Agbasi, J. C., Ezugwu, A. L., Omeka, M. E., Ucheana, I. A., Aralu, C. C., Abugu, H. O., & Egbueri, J. C. (2024). More about making profits or providing safe drinking water? A state-of-the-art review on sachet water contamination in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 42(4), 255-297.

[2] Agbasi, J. C., Ezugwu, A. L., Omeka, M. E., Ucheana, I. A., Aralu, C. C., Abugu, H. O., & Egbueri, J. C. (2024). More about making profits or providing safe drinking water? A state-of-the-art review on sachet water contamination in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 42(4), 255-297.

[3] Ajala, O. J., Ighalo, J. O., Adeniyi, A. G., Ogunniyi, S., & Adeyanju, C. A. (2020). Contamination issues in sachet and bottled water in Nigeria: a mini-review. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 6(6), 112.

[4] Akinsola, O. A., Oyewumi, T. O., Adegola, B. A., & Okpe, P. O. (2020). Quality assessment of selected sachet water brands marketed in Owo, Akure and Ondo areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. Res J Pure Sci Technol, 3(1), 8-24.

[5] Akintelu, S. A., Folorunso, F. A., Oyebamiji, A. K., Akinola, A. O., Adetunji, A. T., Olugbeko, S. C., & Folorunso, A. S. (2021). Physicochemical and microbiological assessment of some sachet water produced in Irele, Ondo State, Nigeria. Letters in Applied NanoBioScience, 10, 2877-2886.

[6] Amoo, A. O., Asaju, C. I., Garba, N., Adeleye, A. O., Amoo, F. K., Adeniyi, K. A., ... & Gebbe, H. M. (2025). Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of Sachet Water in Dutse Urban, Nigeria. Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry, 2(1), 39-52.

[7] Chiwetalu, U., Nebechukwu, A. C., & Attah, O. H. (2022). Quality Assessment For Some Sachet Water Produced In Enugu Metropolis, Enuguâ NIGERIA. Fudma Journal of Sciences, 6(2), 81-87.

[8] Egbuchiem, A. (2025). Nitrate-Induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis in children: Agrochemical contaminants as hidden catalysts for pediatric cancer proliferation. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 25(2), 1518-1535.

[9] Farrell, C., Hassard, F., Jefferson, B., Leziart, T., Nocker, A., & Jarvis, P. (2018). Turbidity composition and the relationship with microbial attachment and UV inactivation efficacy. Science of the total environment, 624, 638-647.

[10] Kilawa, A. S., Kawo, A. H., & Habibu, U. A. (2024). Bacteriological and Physicochemical Evaluation of Sachet Water Sold Within Gombe Metropolis. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 17(2), 45-51.

[11] Micah, D. J., & Alabi, J. T. (2017). “Pure Water” and Sustainable Environment in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1).

[12] NIS (Nigerian Industrial Standard), (2000). NIS 554: 2007, Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. ICS 13.060.20. Price group D. Standards Organisation of Nigeria. Operational Headquarters. 13/ 14, Victoria Arobieke Street, Off Admiralty Way, Lekki Pennisula Scheme 1, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria, pp. 1-30.

[13] Nwaiwu, O., Aduba, C. C., & Oni, O. E. (2020). Bacteriological quality of borehole and sachet water from a community in southeastern Nigeria. In Pathogenic Bacteria. IntechOpen.

[14] Onyeneke, E. N., Duru, C. E., & Nwokeke, B. C. (2020). Quality assessment of NAFDAC certified sachet water brands produced in Local Government Areas in Owerri Zone, Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 4(3), 293-305.

[15] Ouattara, B. S. (2022). Agrichemicals (Nitrate and Atrazine) In Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in Children in Nebraska.

[16] Salihu, S. O., & Bakar, N. K. A. (2018). Modified APHA closed-tube reflux colorimetric method for TOC determination in water and wastewater. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 190(6), 369.

[17] Sohaili, J., Shi, H. S., Zardari, N. H., Ahmad, N., & Muniyandi, S. K. (2016). Removal of scale deposition on pipe walls by using magnetic field treatment and the effects of magnetic strength. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139, 1393-1399.

[18] Tyohemba, T. S., Felicia, Y., Ladan, S. M., Attah, C. O., Jummai, A., & Galadima, M. G. (2022). Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties and Enumeration of Coliform in Domestic Water Sources in Pindiga. Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology, 5(2), 46-52.

[19] World Health Organization, & United Nations Children's Fund. (2022). State of the world’s drinking water: an urgent call to action to accelerate progress on ensuring safe drinking water for all. World Health Organization.

@article{1710750,
      author = {Ghali Muhammad Rabiu, Musa Hamisu, Abba Haruna Adamu, Ladi Lawan, Mohammed Hussaini},
      title = {Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters and Microbial Safety of Sachet Water Samples: A Study of 30 Brands in Gombe Metroplis, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {3},
      pages = {1126-1131},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1710750.pdf},
      abstract = {This study evaluated the physicochemical and microbiological quality of thirty (30) sachet water samples obtained from different brands sold within the study area, with reference to the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Physicochemical parameters assessed included pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness as CaCO?, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, chloride, and sulphate, while microbiological analysis focused on total viable count, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Results showed that the mean pH (7.3) was within the acceptable range (6.5?8.5), turbidity (0.6 NTU) was below the permissible 5 NTU, and TDS (120 mg/L) was significantly lower than the 500 mg/L limit. Hardness (80 mg/L), nitrate (3.5 mg/L), chloride (15 mg/L), and sulphate (20 mg/L) were all below their respective regulatory limits, while DO averaged 7.2 mg/L. Microbiological analysis revealed a low total viable count (45 cfu/mL) with no detectable total coliforms or E. coli in any of the samples. Overall, the sachet water samples complied with NSDWQ standards, demonstrating good physicochemical and microbiological quality. These findings underscore the safety of the evaluated sachet water brands for public consumption, although continuous monitoring is recommended to ensure sustained quality across production batches.},
      keywords = {Water, Physicochemical, Microbiological analysis, Total viable count},
      month = {September},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I3-1710750-3994}
  }