Effect of Multiple Tax System on The Growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) In Nigeria

References

[1] Abdullahi, M.S., Jakada, B.A., &Kabir, S. (2016). Challenges Affecting the Performance Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. Journal of Human Capital Development 9, 21-46.

[2] Abiola, S. (2022). Multiplicity of Taxes in Nigeria: Issues Problems and Solutions. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(17), 229.

[3] Adebayo, R. A. (2018). Tax policy multiplicity and business compliance in Nigeria.Journal of African Taxation Policy, 7(2), 34–48.

[4] Aderemi, A. (2023). Small and Medium Scale Enterprises: The Nigerian Situation.[Power Point Slides]. Retrieved November 25, 2022, from Capital PartnersLimited: www.capitalpartnersltd.com/Small%20Medium%20Scale.ppt [Crossref]

[5] Adereti, S. A. (2017). Multiple taxation and the competitiveness of Nigerian firms in global markets. Nigerian Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(1), 45–59.

[6] Adewara, Y. M., Dagunduro, M. E., Falana, G. A., &Busayo, T. O. (2023).Effect of Multiple Taxation on the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Ekiti State, Nigeria.Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies, 5(3), 121-129. [Crossref]

[7] Adum, S. O. (2018). Burning Issues in Nigeria Tax System and Tax Reforms on Revenue Generation: Evidence from Rivers State. International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(2), 36-48.

[8] Afuberoh, D., & Emmanuel, O. (2014). The Impact of Taxation on Revenue Generation in Nigeria: A Study of Federal Capital Territory and Selected States. International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(2), 44-53.

[9] Agbenyo, A. (2016). Tax Administration, Tax Incentive and SMEs Growth: The Moderating Effect of Firms Size. University of Cape Coast.

[10] Akinbamide, Y. O. (2015). Tax payment burden and foreign direct investment in Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Development Economics, 4(1), 15–29.

[11] Akinlabi, M. (2020).Complexity of tax policies as a constraint to SME growth in Nigeria.International Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 8(3), 58–72.

[12] Akinsulire, O. (2010). Financial Management. El-Toda Venture Press Lagos: 4th Edition.

[13] Anyanfo, C. E. (1996). The firm and the abilitytopay concept in Islamic tax theory.Journal of Islamic Economics and Business, 1(1), 21–34.

[14] Aremu, I. O. (2022). The Taxation of Small and Medium Sized Entreprise – AHindering Factor Influencing the European Economic Growth.Bucharest:Doctoral Dissertation:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi and Academy of Economies Studies.

[15] Aremu, M. (2018). Small Scale Enterprises: Panacea to Poverty Problem in Nigeria, Journal of Enterprises Development vol1, issue4, pp12-23.

[16] Atawodi, O., &Ojeka, S. (2022). Relationship between Tax Policy, Growth of SMEs and the Nigerian Economy.International Journal of Business and Management, 7(13), 125-135.

[17] Audu, I.B., Akinrinola, O., Somorin, T. (2023).Tax Collection Efficiency and Tax Revenue Generation in Nigeria. Journal of Research and Innovation, Vol. 1, No. 2, December, 2023

[18] Bani-Khalid, T., Alshirah, M. H., &Alshirah, A. F. (2020). Determinants of tax compliance intention among Jordanian SMEs: A focus on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 10(1), 123–136.

[19] Bello, S. (2020).Multiple Taxation and Profitability of Selected Small Scale Business in Taraba State, Nigeria.International Journal for Research in Business, Management and Accounting, 5(1), 09–26.

[20] BenHafaïedh, H., & Hamelin, A. (2022). Profitable growth: Evidence on SMEs from 28 countries. Journal of Business Research, 143, 252–265.

[21] Boudreaux, C. J. (2022). Entrepreneurship, institutions, and economic growth: The role of SMEs in employment and development. Journal of Global Enterprise Development, 10(2), 45–59.

[22] Central Bank of Nigeria. (2019). Annual Economic Report. Abuja: Central Bank of Nigeria.

[23] Chapra, M. U. (2000). The future of economics: An Islamic perspective. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.

[24] Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9

[25] Cross, T., & Daniel, F. (2020). Double taxation and tax authority overlap: Impacts on SMEs. Journal of Public Finance and Governance, 15(1), 64–80.

[26] Dangundoro, R. T., Nwokoye, E., &Adeyemi, J. (2022). Tax burden and business performance: Empirical evidence from Nigerian SMEs. Journal of Fiscal Policy and Business Studies, 14(3), 47–61.

[27] Dike, A (2023). Tax System in Line with 21st Century Trend . JTB international Tax Conference.

[28] Fate Institute of Fate Foundation December (2022). The State of Entrepreneurship in Nigeria. 2022 Article.

[29] Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

[30] Garba, L., Darazo, R.I. &Yahaya, L., (2024).Role and Contribution of Small and Medium Scale Business on Socio Economic Development in DamaturuYobe State.World Academics Journal of Management, 12(3), 18-26.

[31] Gbegi & Adebisi. (2025). Effect of Multiple Taxation on the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Business Enterprises. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), 323.

[32] Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010).Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.

[33] Ijaiya, I. (2018). Tax coordination failure: Effects on business compliance in Nigeria. Journal of Fiscal Administration, 6(4), 101–118.

[34] Ilodigwe, A. O. (2023). The Impact of Multiple Taxation on the Efficiency of Selected SMEs in Enugu State, Nigeria. Global Online Journal of Academic Research, 2(1), 45-56.

[35] Kwara, M. A., &Lawal, M. M. (2024). Strategic growth stages among SMEs in Nigeria: A longitudinal analysis. UMYUK Journal of Economics and Development, 1(1), 89–98.

[36] Maisamari, H. M. (2020). Multiple tax assessments and their effect on SME profitability.Nigerian Journal of Economic Policy, 9(1), 45–60.

[37] National Bureau of Statistics (2019).Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) National Survey 2017 Report.A report prepared by the National Bureau of Statistics and Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria.

[38] Ndekwu, O. C. (2021). Tax regime complexity and its impact on SME compliance costs in Nigeria.Journal of Nigerian Fiscal Studies, 4(2), 89–105.

[39] Ntim I. (2021) The Effect of Organization Size and Sector on Adopting Business Process Management, Business & Information Systems Engineering: Iss. 6, 479-491.https://aisel.aisnet.org/bise/vol60/iss6/3

[40] Nwokoye, O.O (2020). Tax policy and the Growth of SMEs, Implication for the Nigerian: http://doi.org/.....1166 [Crossref]

[41] Nyong, C.E., (2021). Effect of Multiple Taxation on the going concern status of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Calabar, Nigeria. United International Journal for Research &Technology (UIJRT), 2(7), pp.72-79.

[42] Oboh, I. A., &Dabor, A. O. (2020). The effects of multiple taxation on the growth of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. International Journal of Small Business and Economic Development, 8(1), 23–35.

[43] Ocheni, S., & Gemade, T. (2015). Effects of Multiple Taxation on the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Business Enterprises in Benue State. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(3), 345-364.

[44] Odion, A., Amedu, M. J. A., &Udeh, F. N. (2023). Tax Multiplicity Dimension and Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Global Accounting, 8(3), 173-187.

[45] Ogbonna, B. O., &Olaoye, J. O. (2019).Multiple tax assessments as an obstacle to economic development in Nigeria.African Journal of Public Administration and Development Alternatives, 6(1), 25–39.

[46] Ogunsanmi, O. A. (2020). Policy fragmentation and SME development in Nigeria.International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 9(2), 20–33.

[47] Ojeka, S. A. (2021) Tax Policy and the Growth of SMEs. Implications for the Nigerian Economy.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2.

[48] Okolo, I., Okpalaojigo, M. &Okolo, I. (2016) The effects of multiple tax on investment in small and medium scale in Nigeria. Journal for Business and Research, 8(29).

[49] Oladeji, O. A. (2014). Tax complexity and economic growth: Evidence from Nigerian firms. Journal of Taxation and Economic Development, 2(2), 25–39.

[50] Olanipekun, O. (2016). Tax policy multiplicity and SME performance in Nigeria.African Journal of Business and Management, 5(3), 75–88.

[51] Olaoye, J. O. (2019). The multiplicity of taxes and its implication for economic growth in Nigeria.Journal of Taxation and Economic Development, 12(2), 45–58.

[52] Olorunshola, J. A. (2023). Problems and Prospects of SMEs in Nigeria. CBN Seminar on Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS). Abuja: Central Bank of Nigeria.

[53] Onugu, B. A. N. (2015). Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects. Small Business Journal.Retrieved from: www.stclementuniversity.com, Stclements University website, Small and Medium Enterprises Agency of Nigeria. [Crossref]

[54] Onuora, J. K., Emeka, P. O., &Okeke, F. C. S. A. (2023).Effect of Multiple Taxations on Micro and Small Businesses in Nigeria.Journal of Global Accounting, 6(2), 116-130.

[55] Onuorah, C. O., &Ezeigbo, N. (2024). Cash flow dynamics and SME survival in Nigeria. African Journal of Small Business Research, 5(1), 110–129.

[56] Onuorah, C. O., &Ezeigbo, N. (2024).Contribution of SMEs to economic diversification and productivity in Nigeria.African Journal of Small Business Research, 5(1), 112–130.

[57] Onwe, G. E. (2016). The Effects of Multiple Taxation on Small Scale Enterprises inEbonyi State. Nsukka: Unpublished M.Sc Dissertation University of Nigeria.

[58] Oseni, M. (2014). Multiple Taxation as a Bane of Business Development in Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 121-129.

[59] Oyedele, T. (2025, February 23). Tax bills: We must stop taxing poverty, capital – Oyedele. Vanguard.

[60] Pwc MSME Survey (2020). The Nigeria Report.

[61] SMEDAN & NBS (2021). National MSME Survey Report – Nigeria. Abuja: SMEDAN/NBS.

[62] SMEDAN & NBS (2023). Survey report on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Nigeria.2010 National MSME Collaborative survey, Between National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and SMEDAN.

[63] The Fate Institute.www.fatefoundation.org/research. www.fatefoundation.org/2021soe [Crossref]

[64] The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), (2021).The number of SMEs in the country from 2017 to 2021.

[65] Tony, E. (2017) The Effects of Multiple Government Regulations and Taxation.PunchNewspapers. Lagos Business School Alumni day.

[66] Udofot, I. (2017). Effect of SME tax revenue contributions on economic growth in Nigeria (1980–2015).Nigerian Journal of Economic Research, 17(2), 73–89.

[67] Usman, E. O. (2019). Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria: Their Characteristics, Problems and Sources of Finance. African Economic Research, 3(4),37- 41.

[68] Utomi, P. (2020). Critical Perspective on Nigerian Politics & Economy and Management.Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.

[69] Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2023). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79–94.

[70] Zayol, P. I.,Duenya, I. M., &Gberindye, C. A. (2018). Effect of multiple taxation on the financial performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Benue State. Nigerian Journal of Management Sciences, 6(2), 266–273.

@article{1710809,
      author = {Abdullahi, Sadiq Kwaltommai, Shittu Ibrahim Olaipupo, Lawan Yahaya},
      title = {Effect of Multiple Tax System on The Growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) In Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {3},
      pages = {1197-1208},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1710809.pdf},
      abstract = {The multiple tax system in Nigeria has long been a devastating bane to the growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs), stifling innovation and survival amid overlapping fiscal burdens. This study examined effects of multiple tax system on SMEs? growth, aiming to assess whether tax imposition, assessments, payments, and policies significantly influence growth. Grounded in the Ability to Pay Theory, Ibn-Khaldun?s Theory of Taxation, and the Theory of Business Growth, the study adopted a survey design suitable for questionnaire-based data collection. A structured questionnaire, validated through content analysis and reliable with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.827, was administered using to a simple random sample of 274 SMEs from a population of 876. Data were analyzed via Multiple Regression using IBM SPSS version 26. Results revealed p-values of 0.000 for tax imposition, 0.024 for assessments, 0.000 for payments, and 0.001 for policies (all below 0.05) indicating significant negative impacts. Consequently, burdensome impositions erode profitability, inconsistent assessments foster uncertainty, frequent payments drain cash flows, and unfavorable policies deter compliance and entrepreneurship. The study concludes that these elements hinder SMEs performance and reinvestment. Recommendations include streamlining taxes by consolidating overlaps across government levels, implementing uniform assessment criteria for fairness, and establishing a single payment portal to minimize administrative bottlenecks and red tape.},
      keywords = {Multiple Tax System, SMEs growth, Tax imposition, Tax assessment, Tax payment, Tax policies, Nigeria},
      month = {September},
  }