The Evolution and Future of Trade Unionism: A Focus on Sudan?s Labor Movement

References

[1] Hyman, R. (2001). Understanding European trade unionism: Between market, class and society. SAGE Publications.

[2] Frege, C., & Kelly, J. (Eds.). (2013). Comparative employment relations in the global economy. Routledge.

[3] Visser, J. (2019). Trade unions in the balance: ILO ACTRAV global survey. International labor Organization (ILO).

[4] Beinin, J. (2015). Workers and thieves: Labor movements and popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Stanford University Press.

[5] Bieler, A., & Nowak, J. (2021). labor and transnational action in times of crisis. Rowman & Littlefield.

[6] Webb, S., & Webb, B. (1894). The history of trade unionism. Longmans, Green & Co.

[7] Hobsbawm, E. J. (1964). Labouring men: Studies in the history of labor. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

[8] International Labor Organization (ILO). (1948). Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention (No. 87).

[9] Ewing, K. D. (2005). The right to strike. International Labor Review, 144(3), 271-302.

[10] van der Linden, M. (2003). Transnational labor history: Explorations. Ashgate.

[11] Gumbrell-McCormick, R., & Hyman, R. (2013). Trade unions in Western Europe: Hard times, hard choices. Oxford University Press.

[12] Cooper, F. (1996). Decolonization and African society: The labor question in French and British Africa. Cambridge University Press.

[13] Beinin, J., & Lockman, Z. (1987). Workers on the Nile: Nationalism, communism, Islam, and the Egyptian working class, 1882–1954. Princeton University Press.

[14] Barchiesi, F. (2011). Precarious liberation: Workers, the state, and contested social citizenship in post-apartheid South Africa. SUNY Press.

[15] Longva, A. N. (1997). Walls built on sand: Migration, exclusion, and society in Kuwait. Westview Press.

[16] Bassiouni, M. C., & Ben Achour, S. (2007). The Arab Spring: The failure of the state and the rise of civil society. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39(4), 579–604.

[17] Ali, T. M. (2020). Trade unions and political change in Sudan. Journal of Labor and Society, 23 (1), 45–62.

[18] Gallab, A. A. (2008). The first Islamist republic: Development and disintegration of Islamism in Sudan. Ashgate.

[19] Sikainga, A. A. (2002). "We are employees of the government, not slaves": Labor and protest in Sudan’s railway industry, 1899–1956. International Journal of African Historical Studies, *35*(1), 59–78.

[20] Berridge, W. J. (2015). Civil uprisings in modern Sudan: The ‘Khartoum Springs’ of 1964 and 1985. Bloomsbury.

[21] International Labor Organization (ILO). (2021). *Trade union rights in Sudan: A review of legal frameworks post-2019. ILO.

[22] Ali, T. M. (2023). Reconstructing workers’ power: Trade unions and Sudan’s transitional justice process. Review of African Political Economy, 50 (176), 245–263.

[23] El-Battahani, A. (2022). From revolution to reconstruction: Labor movements in Sudan’s fragile transition. African Affairs, 121 (483), 145–168.

[24] International labor Organization (ILO). (2022). Strengthening social dialogue in Sudan: A roadmap for trade union reform. ILO.

[25] Berridge, W. J. (2021). Sudan’s unfinished democracy: The promise and peril of people’s power. Hurst & Co.

[26] Hashim, N. (2020). Mobilizing dissent: Labor movements and the 2019 Sudanese revolution. Journal of Modern African Studies, 58 (4), 537–561.

@article{1710862,
      author = {Dr. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal},
      title = {The Evolution and Future of Trade Unionism: A Focus on Sudan?s Labor Movement},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {3},
      pages = {1989-1995},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1710862.pdf},
      abstract = {Trade unions have historically served as vital institutions in advocating workers' rights, enhancing labor conditions, and securing fair wages. This paper explores the historical development of trade unions globally, emphasizing their legal foundations, diverse types, and the unique challenges they face, particularly in Africa and the Arab world. Special attention is given to Sudan?s labor movement, tracing its origins, political repression, and the prospects following the 2019 revolution. The analysis underscores the importance of legal reforms and union independence in shaping the future of trade unionism in Sudan. Ultimately, the paper highlights the critical role of trade unions in fostering social justice, economic development, and political stability in transitional societies.},
      keywords = {Trade Unionism; Labor Rights; Sudan; Political Repression; Social Justice.},
      month = {September},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I3-1710862-6854}
  }