International Peer-Reviewed Journal•Open Access•ISSN 2456-8880
irejournals@gmail.com•+91-7433024337

Home / Current Issue / Paper 1711005

1711005 Vol 3 · Issue 1 Download Paper

Governance of Related-Party Transactions: A Control-Design Framework for Transparency, Auditability, and Tax Risk

Omoize Fatimetu Dako Olaolu Samuel Adesanya Ogochukwu Prisca Onyelucheya Blessing Olajumoke Farounbi

Subject area: Management and Commerce  ·  Area of research: Corporate Governance

Abstract

Related-party transactions (RPTs) present significant governance challenges due to the potential for conflicts of interest, tax risk, and financial misreporting. Effective oversight and control mechanisms are critical to ensuring transparency, auditability, and compliance with regulatory standards. This paper proposes a control-design framework for managing RPTs, integrating best practices from corporate governance, internal control design, and tax compliance literature. Drawing entirely from secondary sources, the study synthesizes research on transaction monitoring, internal audit procedures, and regulatory guidance to develop a robust conceptual model. The proposed framework emphasizes transaction authorization, disclosure practices, monitoring mechanisms, and audit trail management, supporting both corporate governance objectives and tax risk mitigation. The paper also identifies gaps in current RPT governance, such as inconsistent disclosure practices, weak audit trail documentation, and insufficient integration with enterprise risk management. The framework provides a structured approach for organizations to enhance transparency, strengthen internal controls, and reduce exposure to regulatory and tax penalties. This study contributes to the literature by bridging corporate governance theory and practical control design, offering actionable insights for regulators, auditors, and multinational enterprises managing complex RPT portfolios.

Keywords

Related-Party Transactions, Corporate Governance, Auditability, Control Design, Tax Risk, Transparency

References

[1] M. Elhelaly, “Related party transactions, corporate governance and accounting quality in Greece,” Jul. 2014.

[2] A. Tiwari, C. J. Turner, and B. Majeed, “A review of business process mining: state‐of‐ the‐art and future trends,” Business Process Management Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 5–22, Feb. 2008,

[3] E. A. Gordon, E. Henry, T. J. Louwers, and B. J. Reed, “Auditing Related Party Transactions: A Literature Overview and Research Synthesis,” Accounting Horizons, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 81–102, Mar. 2007, 10.2308/ACCH.2007.21.1.81.

[4] B. S. Adelusi and O. D. Adeniji, “Analyzing the Usage of Accounting Software for Short Medium Services (SMS) using Panel Data to improve Business competitiveness of Microfinance,” [Journal Not Specified], 2019.

[5] O. Benyeogor, D. Jambol, O. Amah, D. Obiga, S. Awe, and A. Erinle, “Pressure relief management philosophy for MPD operations on surface stack HPHT exploration wells,” SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, 2019,

[6] M. Fooladi and M. Farhadi, “Corporate governance and detrimental related party transactionsEvidence from Malaysia,” Asian Review of Accounting, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 196– 227, May 2019, 0029.

[7] R. J. Serfling, “Approximation Theorems of Mathematical Statistics,” Approximation Theorems of Mathematical Statistics, pp. 1– 371, Jan. 2008,

[8] P. Rubin-Delanchy, N. A. Heard, and D. J. Lawson, “Meta-Analysis of Mid-p-Values: Some New Results based on the Convex Order,” J Am Stat Assoc, vol. 114, no. 527, pp. 1105–1112, Jul. 2019, 10.1080/01621459.2018.1469994.

[9] P. Rousseeuw, D. Perrotta, M. Riani, and M. Hubert, “Robust Monitoring of Time Series with Application to Fraud Detection,” Econom Stat, vol. 9, pp. 108–121, Jan. 2019, 10.1016/J.ECOSTA.2018.05.001.

[10] M. Riani, A. Corbellini, and A. C. Atkinson, “The Use of Prior Information in Very Robust Regression for Fraud Detection,” International Statistical Review, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 205–218, Aug. 2018,

[11] K. R. Hope, “Capacity development for good governance in developing countries: some lessons from the field,” Int J Public Adm, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 728–740, 2009, 10.1080/01900690902908562.

[12] M. Thomas, Evaluating Electronic Health Records Interoperability Symbiotic Relationship to Information Management Governance Security Risks. 2019. Accessed: Jun. 05, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/openview/19b1d2 89dc52f8ed896a62bdf4e568b7/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

[13] I. B. A. O. GI Agbaje, “Empirical assessment of the role of geospatial technology in delivering governance and strengthening democracy in Nigeria,” GeoJournal, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 743–756, 2018.

[14] C. Allen et al., “Data Governance and Data Sharing Agreements for Community-Wide Health Information Exchange: Lessons from the Beacon Communities,” EGEMS, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 1057, Apr. 2014, 9214.1057.

[15] A. Edmans, “Blockholders and corporate governance,” Annual Review of Financial Economics, vol. 6, pp. 23–50, Dec. 2014, 10.1146/ANNUREV-FINANCIAL-110613- 034455.

[16] S. Rosenbaum, “Data governance and stewardship: Designing data stewardship entities and advancing data access,” Health Serv Res, vol. 45, no. 5 PART 2, pp. 1442– 1455, Oct. 2010, 6773.2010.01140.X.

[17] A. W. F. A. H. A. YA Aina, “Top-down sustainable urban development? Urban governance transformation in Saudi Arabia,” Cities, vol. 90, pp. 272–281, 2019.

[18] V. Khatri and C. V. Brown, “Designing data governance,” Commun ACM, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 148–152, Jan. 2010, 10.1145/1629175.1629210.

[19] S. Roohani, Y. Furusho, and M. Koizumi, “XBRL: Improving transparency and monitoring functions of corporate governance,” International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 355–369, Dec. 2009, 10.1057/JDG.2009.17.

[20] M. K. Power, “Auditing and the production of legitimacy,” Account Organ Soc, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 379–94, 2003, 3682(01)00047-2.

[21] E. Bonsón and M. Bednárová, “Blockchain and its implications for accounting and auditing,” Meditari Accountancy Research, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 725–740, Oct. 2019, 10.1108/MEDAR-11-2018-0406.

[22] P. M. Hartmann, M. Zaki, N. Feldmann, and A. Neely, “Capturing value from big data–a taxonomy of data-driven business models used by start-up firms,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1382–1406, 2016, 10.1108/ijopm-02-2014-0098.

[23] M. La Torre, D. Valentinetti, J. Dumay, and M. A. Rea, “Improving corporate disclosure through XBRL: An evidence-based taxonomy structure for integrated reporting,” Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 338– 366, 2018,

[24] S. J. Miller and M. J. Nigrini, “Order statistics and benford’s law,” Int J Math Math Sci, vol. 2008, 2008,

[25] A. Cerioli and D. Perrotta, “Robust clustering around regression lines with high density regions,” Adv Data Anal Classif, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5–26, 2014, 0151-5.

[26] I. U. Chhapra, M. Kashif, R. Rehan, and A. Bai, “An Empirical Investigation of Investor’s Behavioral Biases on Financial Decision Making,” Asian Journal of Empirical Research, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 99–109, Apr. 2018, 10.18488/JOURNAL.1007/2018.7.3/1007.3.9 9.109.

[27] N. Barberis and R. Thaler, “Chapter 18 A survey of behavioral finance,” Handbook of the Economics of Finance, vol. 1, no. SUPPL. PART B, pp. 1053 –1128, 2003, 10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01027-6.

[28] D. Tranfield, D. Denyer, and P. Smart, “Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review,” British Journal of Management, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 207–222, 2003, 8551.00375.

[29] R. Verma and P. Verma, “Behavioral biases and retirement assets allocation of corporate pension plans,” Review of Behavioral Finance, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 353–369, Oct. 2018, 10.1108/RBF-01-2017-0009.

[30] V. N. C. Mushinada and V. S. S. Veluri, “Investors overconfidence behaviour at Bombay Stock Exchange,” International Journal of Managerial Finance, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 613–632, Sep. 2018, 05-2017-0093.

[31] A. Bennet and D. Bennet, “The Decision- Making Process for Complex Situations in a Complex Environment,” Handbook on Decision Support Systems, pp. 1–14, 2008.

[32] J. F. Nunamaker and A. V Deokar, “Benefits of Decision Support Systems. Chapter 32. Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1,” Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1, no. DECEMBER 2007, pp. 391 –414, 2008, Accessed: Sep. 15, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/9 78-3-540-48713-5

[33] D. Arnott and G. Pervan, “A critical analysis of decision support systems research,” Journal of Information Technology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 67– 87, Jun. 2005, 10.1057/PALGRAVE.JIT.2000035.

[34] F. Burstein and C. W. Holsapple, “Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1,” Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1, 2008, 10.1007/978-3-540-48713-5.

[35] W. Eckerson, “Characteristics Of Effective Performance Metrics,” Performance Dashboards: Measuring, Monitoring And Managing Your Business, p. 209 pp., 2011, Accessed: Sep. 10, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books/about/Perfor mance_Dashboards.html?id=5nuYDwAAQB AJ

[36] P. Wu, B. Xia, and X. Wang, “The contribution of ISO 14067 to the evolution of global greenhouse gas standards - A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 47, pp. 142–150, 2015, 10.1016/J.RSER.2015.02.055.

[37] J. Rowley, “Understanding digital content marketing,” Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 24, no. 5–6, pp. 517–540, 2008,

[38] K. Nakatani and T. T. Chuang, “A web analytics tool selection method: An analytical hierarchy process approach,” Internet Research, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 171–186, Jan. 2011,

[39] A. B. Borade, G. Kannan, and S. V. Bansod, “Analytical hierarchy process-based framework for VMI adoption,” Int J Prod Res, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 963–978, 2013, 10.1080/00207543.2011.650795.

[40] M. A. Waller and S. E. Fawcett, “Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: A revolution that will transform supply chain design and management,” Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 77–84, 2013, 10.1111/JBL.12010.

[41] E. Heo, J. Kim, and S. Cho, “Selecting hydrogen production methods using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process with opportunities, costs, and risks,” Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, no. 23, pp. 17655–17662, Dec. 2012, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.055.

[42] N. Daniels, “Accountability for reasonableness,” Br Med J, vol. 321, no. 7272, pp. 1300–1301, Nov. 2000, 10.1136/BMJ.321.7272.1300.

[43] M. J. Nigrini, “Benford’s law: Applications for forensic accounting, auditing, and fraud detection,” Benford’s Law: Applications for Forensic Accounting, Auditing, and Fraud Detection, pp. 1–330, Jan. 2012, 10.1002/9781119203094.

[44] B. Boyce, “Emerging Technology and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act,” J Acad Nutr Diet, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 517–518, Apr. 2017, 10.1016/j.jand.2016.05.013.

[45] J. Schmitz and G. Leoni, “Accounting and Auditing at the Time of Blockchain Technology: A Research Agenda,” Australian Accounting Review, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 331– 342, Jun. 2019,

[46] H. Cao and Z. Zhu, “Research on future accounting information system in the Internet of Things era,” ICSESS 2012 - Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science, pp. 741–744, 2012, 10.1109/ICSESS.2012.6269573.

[47] D. E. O’Leary, “Configuring blockchain architectures for transaction information in blockchain consortiums: The case of accounting and supply chain systems,” Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 138–147, Oct. 2017,

[48] T. Carlin, “Blockchain and the Journey Beyond Double Entry,” Australian Accounting Review, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 305–311, Jun. 2019, 10.1111/AUAR.12273.

[49] R. Palas and A. Baranes, “Making investment decisions using XBRL filing data,” Accounting Research Journal, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 587–609, Nov. 2019,

[50] A. A. Gomaa, M. I. Gomaa, and A. Stampone, “A transaction on the blockchain: An AIS perspective, intro case to explain transactions on the ERP and the role of the internal and external auditor,” Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 47–64, Mar. 2019,

[51] L. Hao, J. H. Zhang, and J. B. Fang, “Does voluntary adoption of XBRL reduce cost of equity capital?,” International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 86–102, 2014, 10.1108/IJAIM-11-2012-0071.

[52] C. Hoffman and M. Mora Rodríguez, “Digitizing Financial Reports – Issues and Insights: A Viewpoint,” The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, vol. 13, 2013, V13_3.

[53] T. S. Hsieh, Z. Wang, and M. Abdolmohammadi, “Does XBRL disclosure management solution influence earnings release efficiency and earnings management?,” International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 74–95, Mar. 2019, 2017-0079.

[54] D. Palazuelos and R. Dhillon, “Addressing the ‘global health tax’ and ‘wild cards’: practical challenges to building academic careers in global health,” Acad Med, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 30–5, Jan. 2016, 10.1097/acm.0000000000000845.

[55] T. M. Choi, “Optimal apparel supplier selection with forecast updates under carbon emission taxation scheme,” Comput Oper Res, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 2646–2655, 2013, 10.1016/j.cor.2013.04.017.

[56] B. Fahimnia, C. S. Tang, H. Davarzani, and J. Sarkis, “Quantitative models for managing supply chain risks: A review,” Eur J Oper Res, vol. 247, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Nov. 2015, 10.1016/j.ejor.2015.04.034.

[57] F. Caccioli, P. Barucca, and T. Kobayashi, “Network Models of Financial Systemic Risk: A Review,” SSRN Electronic Journal, Nov. 2017,

[58] K. Adams, B. S. Nayak, and S. Koukpaki, “Critical perspectives on ‘manufactured’ risks arising from Eurocentric business practices in Africa,” Critical Perspectives on International Business, vol. 14, no. 2–3, pp. 210–229, May 2018,

[59] T. Aven, “Risk assessment and risk management: Review of recent advances on their foundation,” Eur J Oper Res, vol. 253, no. 1, pp. 1 –13, Aug. 2016, 10.1016/j.ejor.2015.12.023.

[60] T. M. Choi, C. H. Chiu, and H. K. Chan, “Risk management of logistics systems,” Transp Res E Logist Transp Rev, vol. 90, pp. 1–6, Jun. 2016,

[61] F. Aqlan and S. S. Lam, “Supply chain risk modelling and mitigation,” Int J Prod Res, vol. 53, no. 18, pp. 5640–5656, Sep. 2015, 10.1080/00207543.2015.1047975.

[62] M. Giannakis and T. Papadopoulos, “Supply chain sustainability: A risk management approach,” Int J Prod Econ, vol. 171, pp. 455– 470, Jan. 2016, 10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.06.032.

[63] V. Cho, “A study of the roles of trusts and risks in information-oriented online legal services using an integrated model,” Inf. Manag., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 502–520, Jun. 2006, 10.1016/j.im.2005.12.002.

[64] A. Ghadge, S. Dani, and R. Kalawsky, “Supply chain risk management: Present and future scope,” The International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 313–339, Nov. 2012,

[65] O. Khan and B. Burnes, “Risk and supply chain management: Creating a research agenda,” The International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 197–216, Aug. 2007,

[66] C. J. Su and Y. A. Chen, “Risk assessment for global supplier selection using text mining,” Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, pp. 140–155, May 2018, 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.03.042.

[67] H. Soleimani, M. Seyyed-Esfahani, and G. Kannan, “Incorporating risk measures in closed-loop supply chain network design,” Int J Prod Res, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1843–1867, Mar. 2014,

[68] I. Heckmann, T. Comes, and S. Nickel, “A critical review on supply chain risk - Definition, measure and modeling,” Omega (United Kingdom), vol. 52, pp. 119–132, Apr. 2015,

[69] T. Wang, K. N. Kannan, and J. R. Ulmer, “The association between the disclosure and the realization of information security risk factors,” Information Systems Research, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 201–218, 2013, 10.1287/ISRE.1120.0437.

[70] I. Heckmann, T. Comes, and S. Nickel, “A critical review on supply chain risk - Definition, measure and modeling,” Omega (United Kingdom), vol. 52, pp. 119–132, Apr. 2015,

[71] C. Kolotzek, C. Helbig, A. Thorenz, A. Reller, and A. Tuma, “A company-oriented model for the assessment of raw material supply risks, environmental impact and social implications,” J Clean Prod, vol. 176, pp. 566–580, Mar. 2018,

[72] T. K. Mackey and B. A. Liang, “The global counterfeit drug trade: Patient safety and public health risks,” J Pharm Sci, vol. 100, no. 11, pp. 4571–4579, 2011,

[73] B. Jindra, A. Giroud, and J. Scott-Kennel, “Subsidiary roles, vertical linkages and economic development: Lessons from transition economies,” Journal of World Business, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 167–179, Apr. 2009,

[74] S. Young and A. T. Tavares, “Centralization and autonomy: Back to the future,” International Business Review, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 215 –237, 2004, 10.1016/J.IBUSREV.2003.06.002.

[75] R. Narula, “Innovation systems and ‘inertia’ in R&D location: Norwegian firms and the role of systemic lock-in,” Res Policy, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 795–816, Jul. 2002, 7333(01)00148-2.

[76] K. E. Meyer, M. Wright, and S. Pruthi, “Research notes and commentaries managing knowledge in foreign entry strategies: A resource-based analysis,” Strategic Management Journal, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 557– 574, May 2009,

[77] A. Mody, “Is FDI integrating the world economy?,” World Economy, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1195–1222, Aug. 2004, 9701.2004.00647.X.

[78] P. Criscuolo, R. Narula, and B. Verspagen, “Role of home and host country innovation systems in r&d internationalisation: A patent citation analysis,” Economics of Innovation and New Technology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 417– 433, 2005, 10.1080/1043859042000315285.

[79] J. H. Dunning and R. Narula, “Multinationals and industrial competitiveness: A new agenda,” Multinationals and Industrial Competitiveness: A New Agenda, pp. 1–287, Jan. 2004,

[80] M. R. Agosin and R. Machado, “Foreign investment in developing countries: Does it crowd in domestic investment?,” Oxford Development Studies, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 149– 162, Jun. 2005, 10.1080/13600810500137749.

[81] J. Henderson, P. Dicken, M. Hess, N. Coe, and H. Wai-Chung Yeung, “Global production networks and the analysis of economic development,” Rev Int Polit Econ, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 436 –464, 2002, 10.1080/09692290210150842.

[82] H. Hansen and J. Rand, “On the causal links between FDI and growth in developing countries,” World Economy, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 21–41, Jan. 2006, 9701.2006.00756.X.

[83] J. I. Galan, J. Gonzalez-Benito, and J. A. Zũiga- Vincente, “Factors determining the location decisions of Spanish MNEs: An analysis based on the investment development path,” J Int Bus Stud, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 975–997, 2007, 10.1057/PALGRAVE.JIBS.8400304.

[84] “Multinational enterprises and the global economy,” Transnational Corporations, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 103–106, Dec. 2010, 10.18356/43CE1FE7-EN.

[85] Y. Tan and J. von Schreeb, “Humanitarian assistance and accountability: what are we really talking about?,” Prehosp Disaster Med, vol. 30, 2015.

[86] E. S. Kirkendall, Y. Ni, T. Lingren, M. Leonard, E. S. Hall, and K. Melton, “Data challenges with real-time safety event detection and clinical decision support,” J Med Internet Res, vol. 21, no. 5, May 2019, 10.2196/13047.

[87] J. Moll and O. Yigitbasioglu, “The role of internet-related technologies in shaping the work of accountants: New directions for accounting research,” British Accounting Review, vol. 51, no. 6, Nov. 2019, 10.1016/J.BAR.2019.04.002.

[88] J. Dai and M. A. Vasarhelyi, “Toward blockchain-based accounting and assurance,” Journal of Information Systems, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 5–21, Sep. 2017, 51804.

[89] J. B. Kim, J. W. Kim, and J. H. Lim, “Does XBRL Adoption Constrain Earnings Management? Early Evidence from Mandated U.S. Filers,” Contemporary Accounting Research, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 2610–2634, Dec. 2019,

[90] J. Kitching, “Regulatory reform as risk management: Why governments redesign micro company legal obligations,” International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 395–416, Jun. 2019, 10.1177/0266242618823409.

[91] Y. Zhao and P. Thompson, “Investments in managerial human capital: Explanations from prospect and regulatory focus theories,” International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 365–394, Jun. 2019, 10.1177/0266242619828264.

[92] J. Louis and P. S. Dunston, “Integrating IoT into operational workflows for real-time and automated decision-making in repetitive construction operations,” Autom Constr, vol. 94, pp. 317–327, Oct. 2018, 10.1016/J.AUTCON.2018.07.005.

[93] L. J. E. Brown et al., “Openness, inclusion and transparency in the practice of public involvement in research: A reflective exercise to develop best practice recommendations,” Health Expectations, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 441– 447, Apr. 2018,

[94] K. Singh, P. J. Best, M. Bojilov, and C. Blunt, “Continuous Auditing and Continuous Monitoring in ERP Environments: Case Studies of Application Implementations,” Journal of Information Systems, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 287–310, Jun. 2014, 50679.

[95] A. Faccia, M. Y. K. Al Naqbi, and S. A. Lootah, “Integrated cloud financial accounting cycle. How artificial intelligence, blockchain, and XBRL will change the accounting, fiscal and auditing practices,” ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 31–37, Aug. 2019,

[96] M. El-Helaly, “Related-party transactions: a review of the regulation, governance and auditing literature,” Managerial Auditing Journal, vol. 33, no. 8–9, pp. 779–806, Nov. 2018,

[97] P. L. Marchini, T. Mazza, and A. Medioli, “Related party transactions, corporate governance and earnings management,” Corporate Governance, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1124–1146, Oct. 2018, 2017-0271.

[98] I. Holeman, T. P. Cookson, and C. Pagliari, “Digital technology for health sector governance in low and middle income countries: A scoping review,” J Glob Health, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, 10.7189/JOGH.06.020408.

[99] M. A. T Lawanson, “Land governance and megacity projects in Lagos, Nigeria: The case of Lekki Free Trade Zone,” Area Development and Policy, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 114–131, 2018.

[100] A. Cerioli, L. Barabesi, A. Cerasa, M. Menegatti, and D. Perrotta, “Newcomb– Benford law and the detection of frauds in international trade,” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 106–115, Jan. 2019, 10.1073/PNAS.1806617115.

[101] P. Diaconis, “The Distribution of Leading Digits and Uniform Distribution Mod 1,” The Annals of Probability, vol. 5, no. 1, Dec. 2007,

[102] A. Cerioli, A. Farcomeni, and M. Riani, “Wild adaptive trimming for robust estimation and cluster analysis,” Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 235–256, Mar. 2019,

[103] P. Goodall, R. Sharpe, and A. West, “A data- driven simulation to support remanufacturing operations,” Comput Ind, vol. 105, pp. 48–60, Feb. 2019, 10.1016/J.COMPIND.2018.11.001.

[104] P. Kadlec, B. Gabrys, and S. Strandt, “Data- driven Soft Sensors in the process industry,” Comput Chem Eng, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 795–814, Apr. 2009, 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2008.12.012.

How to cite this paper

Omoize Fatimetu Dako, Olaolu Samuel Adesanya, Ogochukwu Prisca Onyelucheya, Blessing Olajumoke Farounbi "Governance of Related-Party Transactions: A Control-Design Framework for Transparency, Auditability, and Tax Risk" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 3 Issue 1 2019 Page 544-561
Omoize Fatimetu Dako, Olaolu Samuel Adesanya, Ogochukwu Prisca Onyelucheya, Blessing Olajumoke Farounbi "Governance of Related-Party Transactions: A Control-Design Framework for Transparency, Auditability, and Tax Risk" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 3, no. 1, Jul. 2019
Omoize Fatimetu Dako, Olaolu Samuel Adesanya, Ogochukwu Prisca Onyelucheya, Blessing Olajumoke Farounbi (2019). Governance of Related-Party Transactions: A Control-Design Framework for Transparency, Auditability, and Tax Risk. Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 3(1).
Omoize Fatimetu Dako, Olaolu Samuel Adesanya, Ogochukwu Prisca Onyelucheya, Blessing Olajumoke Farounbi "Governance of Related-Party Transactions: A Control-Design Framework for Transparency, Auditability, and Tax Risk" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 3, no. 1, Jul. 2019.
@article{1711005,
      author = {Omoize Fatimetu Dako, Olaolu Samuel Adesanya, Ogochukwu Prisca Onyelucheya, Blessing Olajumoke Farounbi},
      title = {Governance of Related-Party Transactions: A Control-Design Framework for Transparency, Auditability, and Tax Risk},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2019},
      volume = {3},
      number = {1},
      pages = {544-561},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1711005.pdf},
      abstract = {Related-party transactions (RPTs) present significant governance challenges due to the potential for conflicts of interest, tax risk, and financial misreporting. Effective oversight and control mechanisms are critical to ensuring transparency, auditability, and compliance with regulatory standards. This paper proposes a control-design framework for managing RPTs, integrating best practices from corporate governance, internal control design, and tax compliance literature. Drawing entirely from secondary sources, the study synthesizes research on transaction monitoring, internal audit procedures, and regulatory guidance to develop a robust conceptual model. The proposed framework emphasizes transaction authorization, disclosure practices, monitoring mechanisms, and audit trail management, supporting both corporate governance objectives and tax risk mitigation. The paper also identifies gaps in current RPT governance, such as inconsistent disclosure practices, weak audit trail documentation, and insufficient integration with enterprise risk management. The framework provides a structured approach for organizations to enhance transparency, strengthen internal controls, and reduce exposure to regulatory and tax penalties. This study contributes to the literature by bridging corporate governance theory and practical control design, offering actionable insights for regulators, auditors, and multinational enterprises managing complex RPT portfolios.},
      keywords = {Related-Party Transactions, Corporate Governance, Auditability, Control Design, Tax Risk, Transparency},
      month = {July},
  }