UAS Cybersecurity in U.S. Border Operations

References

[1] Amr Adel, and Tony Jan (2024, July 13). Watch the Skies : A Study on Drone Attack Vectors, Forensic Approaches, and Persisting Security Challenges. Cybersecurity in the IoT

[2] Aybars Oruc (2022, January 4) Drone Systems and Applications: Potential cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and protections of unmanned vehicles

[3] Barnhart, R. Kurt, Douglass M. Marshall, and Eric J. Shappee (2021) Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Third edition CRC Press

[4] Bettany, A., and Halsey, M. 2017. What is malware? In Windows virus and malware troubleshooting. Edited by A. Bettany and M. Halsey. Apress. pp. 1–8.

[5] Bharat B Madan., Manoj Banik, and Doina Bein (2019). Securing unmanned autonomous systems from cyber threats. Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 2019-04, Vol. 16(2) 119-136

[6] Burbank, J., Greene, T., & Kaabouch, N. (2024). Detecting and Mitigating Attacks on GPS Devices. Sensors, 24(17), 5529.

[7] David J. and Thomas C. 2019. Efficient DDoS flood attack detection using dynamic thresholding on flow-based network traffic. Comput. Secur. 82: 284–295.

[8] Gasti, P., Tsudik, G., Uzun, E., and Zhang, L. 2013. DoS and DDoS in named data networking. In 2013 22nd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), Nassau, Bahamas, IEEE, 30 July–2 August 2013. pp. 1–7.

[9] General Atomics: MQ-9 Unmanned Aircraft System

[10] Homeland Security News (2025)

[11] Humphreys, T.E., Ledvina, B.M., Psiaki, M.L., O’Hanlon, B.W., and Kintner, P.M. 2008. Assessing the spoofing threat: Development of a portable GPS civilian spoofer. In Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2008), Savannah, GA, 16–19 September 2008. pp. 2314–2325.

[12] Ibrahim Hayatu Hassan, Abdullahi Mohammed, Mansur Aliyu Masama, Chapter 6 - Metaheuristic algorithms in network intrusion detection, Editor(s): Seyedali Mirjalili, Amir H. Gandomi, Comprehensive Metaheuristics, Academic Press, 2023, Pages 95-129, ISBN 9780323917810,

[13] Jones, N., Whaiduzzaman, M., Jan, T., Adel, A., Alazab, A., & Alkreisat, A. (2025). A CIA Triad-Based Taxonomy of Prompt Attacks on Large Language Models. Future Internet, 17(3), 113-.

[14] K. Hartmann and C. Steup, "The vulnerability of UAVs to cyber-attacks - An approach to the risk assessment," 2013 5th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CYCON 2013), Tallinn, Estonia, 2013, pp. 1-23.

[15] Kesavulu O.S.C and Harini P. 2013. Enhanced packet delivery techniques using crypto-logic riddle on jamming attacks for wireless communication medium. Int. J. Latest Trends Eng. Technol. 2(4): 469–478.

[16] M. L. Psiaki and T. E. Humphreys. June 2016 "GNSS Spoofing and Detection," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 104, no. 6, pp. 1258-1270.

[17] Parkinson S., Ward P., Wilson K., and Miller J. 2017. Cyber threats facing autonomous and connected vehicles: future challenges. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 18(11): 2898–2915.

[18] Thili, F., Fourati, L. C., Ayed, S., Ouni, B., (2022). Investigation on Vulnerabilities, Threats and Attacks Prohibiting UAVs Charging and Depleting UAVs Batteries: Assessments & Countermeasures. Ad Hoc Networks, Volume 129, 2022. 102805, ISSN 1570-8705

[19] Tychola, K. A., & Rantos, K. (2025). Cyberthreats and Security Measures in Drone-Assisted Agriculture. Electronics, 14(1), 149.

[20] U.S. Department of Homeland Security: Border Security (2025)

[21] Vidaković, M., & Vinko, D. (2023). Hardware-Based Methods for Electronic Device Protection against Invasive and Non-Invasive Attacks. Electronics, 12(21), 4507. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12214507

[22] Yahoo! News (2025, June 12): Department of Homeland Security Predator B Drones Are Orbiting Over Los Angeles

[23] Yuan, X., Xingshuo, H., Gelei, D., Jiwei, L., Yang, L., & Tianwei Z. (2023, August 1). SoK: Rethinking Sensor Spoofing Attacks against Robotic Vehicles from a Systematic View. 2023 IEEE 8th European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P). Nanyang Technological University Library.

@article{1711265,
      author = {Ayokunumi Ogunsina},
      title = {UAS Cybersecurity in U.S. Border Operations},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {4},
      pages = {1133-1140},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1711265.pdf},
      abstract = {The United States shares nearly 7,500 miles of land border with Mexico and Canada, as well as rivers, lakes and coastal waters along both borders.  Mexico is a region that has long been at the center of political, humanitarian, and security concerns with the US and the shared border between both countries is almost 2,000 miles. The US border security is tasked with preventing illegal immigration, human trafficking, and the movement of illicit drugs and contraband into the country. These challenges are compounded by the rugged terrain, limited manpower and most especially the various evolving methods employed by the criminal organizations. (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2025).},
      month = {October},
  }