Nutritional Evaluation of Energy Drinks Sold in Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

References

[1] Al-Shaar, L., Vercammen, K., Lu, C., Richardson, S., Tamez, M., & Mattei, J. (2017). Health effects and public health concerns of energy drink consumption in the United States: A mini-review. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(225), 1–8.

[2] Alsunni, A. A. (2015). Energy drink consumption: Beneficial and adverse health effects. International Journal of Health Sciences, 9(4), 468–474.

[3] Attila, S., & Cakır, S. (2011). Energy-drink consumption in college students and associated factors. Nutrition, 27(3), 316–322.

[4] Avila, D. S., Puntel, R. L., & Aschner, M. (2013). Manganese in health and disease. Metallomics, 5(10),

[5] Bukhar, H., Malik, S. A., & Mahmood, R. (2012). Adverse biochemical and morphological effects of energy drinks on liver and kidney tissues. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 24(3-4), 274–278.

[6] Díaz, L., Rosero, R., & López, D. (2016). Effects of mixing energy drinks with alcohol. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(13), 1762–1771.

[7] Dworzariski, W., Opielak, G., & Burdan, F. (2009). Influence of energy drinks on the nervous system. Pharmacological Reports, 61(5), 826–830.

[8] Finnegan, D. (2014). The health effects of stimulant drinks. Nutrition Bulletin, 39(2), 125–137.

[9] Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Spilling the beans: How much caffeine is too much? U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov

[10] Gheith, I. (2017). Energy drinks and human health: Benefits and risks. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 6(12), 159–170.

[11] Heckman, M. A., Sherry, K., & de Mejia, E. G. (2010). Energy drinks: An assessment of their market size, consumer demographics, ingredient profile, functionality, and regulations in the United States. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(3), 303–317.

[12] Higgins, J. P., Babu, K., Deuster, P. A., & Shearer, J. (2018). Energy drinks: A contemporary issues paper. Current sports medicine reports, 17(2), 65-72.

[13] Higgins, J. P., Tuttle, T. D., & Higgins, C. L. (2010). Energy beverages: Content and safety. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 85(11), 1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0381

[14] Ibrahim, O. O., & Ighodaro, O. M. (2020). Health implications of energy drinks consumption: A review. Nigerian Journal of Nutritional Sciences, 41(1), 77–84.

[15] Ikon, G. M. (2020). Energy drink consumption among students in Port Harcourt metropolis. Nigerian Journal of Health Promotion, 22(1), 45–56.

[16] Ishak, W. W., Ugochukwu, C., Bagot, K., Khalili, D., & Zaky, C. (2019). Energy drinks: Psychological effects and impact on well-being and quality of life—a literature review. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 9(1), 25–34.

[17] Jaji, B. A., Adeyemo, A. A., Adeoye, S. O., Opatokun-Saliu, R. O., & Afolabi, F. (2024). Assessment of some chemical constituents in selected energy drinks in Ilorin, Nigeria. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 10(3a), 107-119.

[18] Kassab, M. I., El-Sayed, M., & Mahdy, A. (2018). Impact of energy drinks on health and performance. Journal of Health Sciences, 8(2), 11–18.

[19] Kennedy, D. O., Okello, E. J., Chazan, J., & Wightman, E. L. (2016). Effects of Panax ginseng on cognition and mood in healthy young individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 8(1), 1–15.

[20] Khayyat, L. I., Essawy, A. A., & Sorour, J. M. (2012). Histological and biochemical effects of energy drinks on cardiac muscle, kidney and liver tissues. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(3), 1800–1806.

[21] Klinjapo, R., & Krasaekoopt, W. (2018). Physicochemical and sensory properties of maltodextrin and inulin as fat replacers in mayonnaise. International Food Research Journal, 25(3), 1082–1089.

[22] McLellan, T. M., & Lieberman, H. R. (2012). Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine? Nutrition Reviews, 70(12), 730–744.

[23] McLellan, T. M., Caldwell, J. A., & Lieberman, H. R. (2016). A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 294–312.

[24] Miller, K. E. (2008). Energy drinks, race, and problem behaviors among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(5), 490–497.

[25] Munteanu, C., Rosioru, C., & Balan, G. (2014). Influence of energy drinks on hematological and biochemical parameters. Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology, 55(3), 1027–1032.

[26] Musa, Y. T., & Oladele, P. O. (2020). Nutritional composition and health implications of selected energy drinks sold in Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science, 14(3), 45–52.

[27] O’Mathúna, D. P. (2021). Caffeine and energy drinks: Benefits, risks, and regulatory challenges. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 87(6), 2304–2312.

[28] Ona, L. F. (2019). Energy drink consumption and its health implications. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 7(1), 25–31.

[29] Pomeranz, J. L. (2021). Energy drinks: Regulations and health concerns. American Journal of Public Health, 111(2), 207–214.

[30] Ratan, Z. A., Haidere, M. F., Hong, Y. H., Park, S. H., Lee, J. O., Lee, J., & Cho, J. Y. (2021). Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides. Journal of Ginseng Research, 45(2), 199–210

[31] Reissig, C. J., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2009). Caffeinated energy drinks: A growing problem. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99(1-3), 1–10.

[32] Rengin, K., Korkmaz, A., & Sari, M. (2017). The combined effects of alcohol and energy drinks on health. Journal of Substance Use, 22(4), 390–395.

[33] Ruiz, L. D., Scherr, R. E., & Wiley, A. S. (2020). Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and its association with obesity in children and adolescents. Nutrients, 12(3), 761.

[34] Ruxton, C. H. S. (2008). The impact of caffeine on mood, cognitive function, performance and hydration: a review of benefits and risks. Nutrition bulletin, 33(1), 15-25..

[35] Santos, H. O., Howell, S., & Teixeira, F. J. (2019). Beyond caffeine: The role of guarana in cognitive performance and fatigue. Journal of Functional Foods, 58, 194–204.

[36] Schaffer, S., Ito, T., & Azuma, J. (2018). Clinical significance of taurine in cardiovascular disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1155, 3–19.

[37] Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511–528.

[38] Sharma, S., Mather, P., & Gupta, A. (2017). Energy drinks and heart health. American Journal of Cardiology, 119(4), 682–688.

[39] Sultan, M. T. (2023). Sugar content of energy drinks and its health risks. Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences, 10(1), 22–30.

[40] Taiwo, A. O., Olaniyan, O. T., & Olayemi, F. O. (2017). Biochemical effects of energy drinks on liver and kidney functions. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 32(2), 149–155.

[41] Udom, E. (2022). Patterns of energy drink consumption among Nigerian youths. African Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 12(1), 33–41.

[42] Ugwuja, E. I. (2014). Alcohol and energy drinks consumption: Implications for public health. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 17(1), 17–22.

[43] Usman, A. B., Adesola, A. A., & Olabode, E. A. (2021). Chemical composition and health effects of energy drinks consumed in Nigeria. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 6(2), 33–39.

[44] Usman, A., & Jawaid, A. (2018). Clinical perspectives on the health effects of energy drinks. International Journal of Health Sciences, 12(2), 1–7.

[45] Zhang, M., Bi, L. F., Fang, J. H., Su, X. L., Da, G. L., Kuwamori, T., & Kagamimori, S. (2019). Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects. Amino Acids, 46(2), 409–417.

[46] Zucconi, S., Volpato, C., Adinolfi, F., Gandini, E., Gentile, E., Loi, A., & Fioriti, L. (2013). Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks. EFSA Supporting Publications, 10(3), 394E.

@article{1711407,
      author = {John, Godson Nnamdi, Onwugbuta, Godpower Chukwuemeka, Tweneme, Gaddiel Ogono, Onyeozu, Chijioke Kenneth, Kpaduwa, Samuel; Okpaka, Confidence Ogechi},
      title = {Nutritional Evaluation of Energy Drinks Sold in Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {4},
      pages = {1061-1068},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1711407.pdf},
      abstract = {Energy drinks have gained widespread popularity, particularly among young adults, due to their perceived ability to boost energy, alertness, and performance. However, concerns about their nutritional composition and potential health implications continue to rise. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional composition of selected energy drinks sold in Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria under standard laboratory conditions. The aim was to determine the levels of caffeine, sugar, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrate in the sampled brands. Laboratory analyses were carried out using established analytical procedures for proximate and chemical composition. The findings revealed that caffeine content varied significantly among the brands, with Fearless recording the highest level, followed by Monster and Predator, while Power Horse and Red Bull contained comparatively lower amounts. Sugar concentration also differed across the samples, with Fearless exhibiting the highest value, although no statistically significant differences were observed among the remaining brands. Crude fat and crude protein were below detectable limits across all samples, suggesting these macronutrients are virtually absent. Trace crude fiber was detected only in Predator. Carbohydrate levels varied, with Monster containing the highest concentration, Fearless and Power Horse showing relatively high levels, and Predator and Red Bull displaying lower amounts. The study shows that energy drinks sold in Choba are primarily characterized by high caffeine, sugar, and carbohydrate contents, with negligible nutritional value in terms of protein, fat, and fiber. It is recommended that consumers exercise caution in frequent consumption, while regulatory agencies should enforce clearer labeling and public sensitization on potential health risks.},
      keywords = {Energy Drinks, Evaluation, Nutritional and health implications},
      month = {October},
  }