Blockchain-Based Secure Data Framework for IoT Water Monitoring Using ESP32 and LORA

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@article{1711920,
      author = {Ravi Khile, Shravani Karvande, Pradnya Katbane, Saniya Shaikh},
      title = {Blockchain-Based Secure Data Framework for IoT Water Monitoring Using ESP32 and LORA},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {5},
      pages = {558-573},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1711920.pdf},
      abstract = {Water quality degradation has become a pressing global challenge due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth. Conventional water quality monitoring systems rely on manual testing or cloud-based IoT frameworks, which often face vulnerabilities such as data tampering, network latency, and security breaches. To address these limitations, this research proposes a Blockchain-Based Secure Data Framework for IoT Water Monitoring using ESP32 and LoRa communication integrated with Firebase Cloud. The proposed system ensures tamper-proof, transparent, and decentralized data management for multi-parameter water quality monitoring. IoT sensor nodes equipped with pH, turbidity, TDS, and temperature sensors collect real-time data transmitted via LoRa gateways to a blockchain-enabled cloud interface. The blockchain layer secures sensor data through cryptographic hashing, consensus validation, and distributed ledger mechanisms. Experimental validation demonstrates that blockchain integration reduces unauthorized data manipulation by 98% and enhances system trust and traceability. The framework achieves an average latency of 1.2 seconds per transaction and consumes 27% less power compared to traditional cloud-only solutions. The results highlight blockchain?s potential to revolutionize secure environmental monitoring and ensure reliable, transparent water data management for sustainable smart cities.},
      keywords = {Blockchain; Internet of Things (IoT); Smart Water Monitoring; ESP32; LoRa; Firebase; Data Security; Decentralized Ledger; Edge Computing; Sustainable Systems.},
      month = {November},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I5-1711920}
  }