Assessment of Amplitude of Accommodation (A.A) And Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Among Immunocompromised Subjects Taking Antiretroviral Drugs (ARV)
Abstract
Background/Aim: The eye is a common site of manifestation of systemic diseases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and its treatment with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) have been associated with ocular changes, including variations in amplitude of accommodation (A.A) and intraocular pressure (IOP). While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved survival, its long-term ocular effects remain underexplored. Methods: A hospital-based study was conducted among 102 HIV-positive subjects on first-line and second-line ART regimens. Convenience Sampling method was utilized to obtain data from these subjects at Imo State Specialist Hospital Umuguma Owerri Imo State and General Hospital Awo Omama Imo State. Standard optometric techniques were used to measure amplitude of accommodation (A.A), while non-contact tonometry was employed to assess intraocular pressure. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, using informed consent and case record reviews. Data were analysed using T-test. Results: The mean amplitude of accommodation was 7.62D among subjects on first-line ARV and 9.61D among those on second-line ARV, with no significant difference between the two groups and with P value = 1.00. The mean intraocular pressure was 21.30mmHg for first-line and 20.80mmHg for second-line ARV groups, showing a significant variation with P value of 0.001. There was no difference in A.A between immunocompromised subjects taking ARV1 and ARV2. There was a difference in IOP between immunocompromised subjects taking ARV1 and ARV2. Discussion: The study assessed the amplitude of accommodation (A.A) and intraocular pressure (IOP) among immunocompromised subjects taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). Immunocompromised subjects on first-line ARV (ARV1) and those on second-line ARV (ARV2) show no difference in A.A. Their A.A is more likely to be affected by age, systemic health status and ocular comorbidities than the ARV they are taking. ART itself does not appear to exert a direct pharmacological effect on the accommodative apparatus of the eye. However, there is a difference in IOP between immunocompromised subjects taking ARV1 drugs and those taking ARV2 drugs. This difference in IOP is closely associated with the drug regimen or type of therapy. Protease inhibitors in second line drugs (ARV2) tend to cause increase in IOP. Lower or stable IOP levels among subjects on first-line ART is possibly due to a lesser impact on aqueous outflow. Conclusion: Immunocompromised individuals on ART exhibit measurable changes in both amplitude of accommodation and intraocular pressure. The study concluded that there was no difference in A.A between immunocompromised subjects taking first line ARV drugs and those taking second line ARV drugs. The study also highlights that there is a difference in intraocular pressure between imunocompromised subjects taking first line ARV drugs (ARV1) and those taking second line ARV drugs (ARV2). These findings highlight the need for regular ocular assessments in HIV-positive patients receiving long-term ART to prevent potential visual impairment and improve quality of life.
Keywords
Antiretroviral drugs, Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Amplitude of Accommodation, Intraocular pressure.
Citations
IRE Journals:
Ohaegbule Eberechukwu John Uzoma, Nwakaego Ikoro, Young Azuamah, Victoria Nkemka "Assessment of Amplitude of Accommodation (A.A) And Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Among Immunocompromised Subjects Taking Antiretroviral Drugs (ARV)" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 9 Issue 5 2025 Page 1250-1255 https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I5-1712028
IEEE:
Ohaegbule Eberechukwu John Uzoma, Nwakaego Ikoro, Young Azuamah, Victoria Nkemka
"Assessment of Amplitude of Accommodation (A.A) And Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Among Immunocompromised Subjects Taking Antiretroviral Drugs (ARV)" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 9(5) https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I5-1712028
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