Impact of Access Control Device On User Safety in Public Stadiums in South-East and South-South Zones of Nigeria

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@article{1712458,
      author = {Nwanguma, Ephraim Ogechi (Ph.D)},
      title = {Impact of Access Control Device On User Safety in Public Stadiums in South-East and South-South Zones of Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {6},
      pages = {28-41},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1712458.pdf},
      abstract = {This study forms part of a broader investigation into how access control devices affect user safety in public stadiums within the South-East and South-South zones of Nigeria. It examines four public stadiums sampled from seven stadiums in the study area through stratified random sampling; six of the public stadiums were State owned, while one was Federal Government sponsored. Employing a survey research design, two null hypotheses were developed for the study in response to two research questions: To what extent does the provision of access control device impact on user safety in public stadiums in the study area?; To what extent is there a difference among the public stadiums in the South-East and South-South zones of Nigeria in the provision of access control device for user safety? The study defined sixteen variables, which were directly used to develop the questionnaire serving as the main data collection instrument. A sample size of 385 respondents was determined using Cochran?s formula. Cross-tabulation and Spearman Rho product-moment correlation analyses were conducted to test two null hypotheses. Results revealed a Spearman Rho correlation coefficient of 0.701, indicating a strong positive relationship between the access control device located near emergency exit point, and the stadium layout affects crowd flow. The hypothesis test produced a p-value of 0.000, which is significantly lower than the 0.01 significance level, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The findings confirm that access control devices significantly influence user safety, highlighting that efficient operation and timely maintenance are essential for ensuring both perceived and actual safety in public stadiums.},
      keywords = {Access Control Device, Emergency Exits, Maintenance, Public Stadiums, User Safety},
      month = {December},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I6-1712458}
  }