Exploration of Liquid-Phase Exfoliation for Graphene Production from Bulk Graphite

References

[1] Abdelkader AM, Cooper AJ, Dryfe RAW, Kinloch IA. Nanoscale 7, 2015, pp. 6944-6956.

[2] Avouris P, Chen Z, Perebeinos V., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2 (2007) 605-15. Advanced Functional materials, peer-reviewed scientific journal, Oct 2018.

[3] Bae. S. H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J. Park, Y. Zheng, J. Balakrishnan, T. Lei, Song, Y. (2010) "Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes," Nature nanotechnology, vol. 5,no. 8, pp. 574 - 578.

[4] Balandin, A. A. (2011) "Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials." Nature materials; 10(8):569-581.

[5] Barninghams, J. M. Ruan, F. Edler, A. Tejeda, M. Sicot, A. T. Ibrahimi, Z. Jiang, E. Conrad, C. Berger, C. Tegenkamp, (2013). "Exceptional ballistic transport in epitaxial graphene nanoribbons," arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.5354.

[6] Berger, C.; Song, Z.; Li, X.; Wu, X.; Brown, N.; Naud, C.; Mayou, D.; Li, T.; Hass, J.; Marchenkov, A. N. (2006). Electronic Confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene. Science, 312, pp.1191-1196.

[7] Bolotin, K. I.; Sikes, K. J.; Jiang, Z.; Klima, M.; Fudenberg, G.; Hone, J.; Kim, P.; Stormer, H. L. (2008) Ultrahigh Electron Mobility in Suspended Graphene. Solid State Commun, 146, pp. 351-355.

[8] Bunch, J. S; Verbridge, S. S. Alden, J. S. Van Der Zande, A. M. Parpia, J. M. Craighead, H.G and McEuen, P.L (2008) "Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets," Nano letters, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 2458-2462.

[9] Cai, W., Wang, L., et al. (2010). "Graphene-based materials for solar energy conversion." Nano Energy, 1(3), 290-296.

[10] Chapman, R.T, Springate, E, Fromm, F, Raidel, C, Seyller, T, King, P, Parmigiani, F, Grioni, M, Hofmann, P. (2015), Tunable carrier multiplication and cooling in graphene 2015; Nano Lett 15: 326–331.

[11] Chen. J.H, Jang, C. Xiao, S. Ishigami, M and Fuhrer,M.S, (2008). "Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO2," Nature nanotechnology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 206-209.

[12] Geim, A. K., & Novoselov, K. S. (2004). The rise of graphene. Nature Materials, 6(3), 183191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849

[13] Geim, A. K., & Novoselov, K. S. (2007). "The rise of graphene." Nature Materials, 6(3), 183191.

[14] Geim. A. and Novoselov, K. (2010). "The rise of graphene," Nature materials, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 183 - 191.

[15] Geim. A.K. Science, 324:1530-1532, 2009.

[16] Hussain, T., Wang, Y., & Yang, M. (2021). Graphene from biomass: A review of synthesis methods and applications. Materials Today Advances, 10, 100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2020.100123

[17] Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Stoller, M. D., Ganesh, K. J., Cai, W., Ferreira, P. J., & Ruoff, R. S. (2010). Carbon-based materials for energy storage. Science, 332(6037), 1537-1541. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200770

@article{1712516,
      author = {Abdul Dahiru Ardo Buba, Taofeeq Akorede Atanda, Medina Umar-Osuma, Ramalan Abubakar},
      title = {Exploration of Liquid-Phase Exfoliation for Graphene Production from Bulk Graphite},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {6},
      pages = {469-474},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1712516.pdf},
      abstract = {The demand for sustainable material in technological industries have sparked the discovery of a wonderful material known as GRAPHENE, including its efficiency in its application in various sectors because of its unique properties ranging from electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. However, the conventional methods has cause the researchers in detecting its chemical structure and its temperature which are hazardous to human health and environment. This research deals with eco-friendly method of synthesis using Liquid-phase exfoliation which emerged as a prominent approach for graphene production due its scalability, cost-effectiveness and environmental friendly characteristics. This method of synthesis is employed in order to optimize liquid-phase exfoliation using acetone and deionized water. The scanning Electron Microscope analysed at a magnification of 5?m which reveals crumpled and layered-graphene sheets, which is due to the high flexibility of graphene sheets, which tend to fold, wrinkle and overlap during the exfoliation and drying process while Raman spectroscopy unveiled the sample displayed with three characteristics features called the D-band which is visible at approximately 1350cm?? where the peak indicates the presence of defects within the graphene structure, and the G-band centered around 1580cm?? corresponding to sp?hybridized carbon atoms in the graphene sheet, its strong intensity confirms the presence of graphitic domains and highlighted the graphitic structure of the exfoliated graphene, and the 2D-band produced at 2700cm?? was observed and indicates the few-layer nature of the graphene which are sharp and symmetric while  X-Ray Diffraction data confirms successful exfoliated graphite into few-layer graphene from the peak at 22.1? (002 plane) with broadening reflects reduced stacking order and increased interlayer spacing where the absence of sharp peaks indicates the material transitional from crystalline graphite to disorder, few-layer graphene},
      keywords = {Exfoliation, Acetone, Deionized water, scanning Electron Microscope, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, D-band, G-band and 2D-band},
      month = {December},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I6-1712516}
  }