Assessment of Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Contamination in Selected Coastal Communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

References

[1] Abraham, C. M., Evelyn, P. A., Eyo, E. E., Ibanga, I. J., Ebong, M. S., Jimmy, U. J., Udo, W. M. and Umana, S. U. (2021). Assessment of Ecological Degradation and Associated Implications in Southern Akwa Ibom State: Why Actions need to be Taken. 5(2)

[2] Africa, S. N., Zaharaddeen, N. G., and Gimba, C. E (2020). Determination of Heavy Metal Content and Physicochemical Parameters of Ground and Surface Water near Landfills in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Nigerian Research Journal of Chemical Sciences (ISSN: 2682-6054) Volume 8, Issue 2.

[3] Akpan, N. A. (2024). Investigation of the Quality of Physicochemical Parameters in Water Samples From Qua Iboe River, Ikot Ekpene Stretch, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Geological Research. 7 (1): 31 - 40

[4] APHA (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

[5] ASTM D3370-10 (2015). Standard Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process Streams.

[6] Bansal, O. P. (2020). Impact of water pollution on human health and environment: a review. International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences. 9(2), 62-69

[7] Basha, N. A. I. (2023). Soil Pollution their Causes, Effect, control & Health Indicator: Review. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. 13(1):18 - 23

[8] Daniel D.O., Udofia I. M.., Agwo M. U. & Asiwe T. N. (2025). Evaluation of Heavy Metals Contamination from Automobile Workshops in Uyo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 16 (1): 102-111

[9] DPR (2018) Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN)

[10] EPA (2007) Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (SW-846).

[11] Erifeta, E. K., Ezugwu, M. O., Erifeta, G. O., and Akhimien, F. A. (2024). Evaluation of total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH) in groundwater in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. International Journal Of Novel Research And Development. 9 (11): 477 - 484

[12] Essien, J. J., Uchua, K. A., Udoh, U. E., Ezugwu, J. E., Nwaigwe, M. I. and Mhambe, P.D. (2020). Geospatial Information on Land Use/Land Cover of the Coastline Environment in Akwa Ibom State Between 1986 and 2018. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research (Sciences, Technology and Engineering) | ISSN: 2488-9849. Vol. 6, Issue 12. www.ijaar.org

[13] Federal Republic of Nigeria (1992). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ACT. No. 86

[14] Gambo, J., Yusuf, Y. A., Ahmed, G., Garba, S. A., Idris, A. M. and Abdulkarim, K. (2018). Causes and Health Effects of Water Pollution in Domestic Water Sources in Hadeija Metropolis, Nigeria, using Statistical Modeling. Nigerian Research Journal of Chemical Sciences. 4:101 - 112

[15] Ibrahim, A., Sani, A., Gado, A. M., Ibrahim, M. A., Sulaiman, M. S. and Zungum, I. U. (2020). Environmental impact assessment in Nigeria- A review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2020, 08(03), 330–336

[16] Inyang, S. E., Aliyu, A. B. & Oyewale, A. O. (2018). Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Content in Surface Water and Sediment of Qua-Iboe River, Ibeno, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 22 (12): 1953–1959

[17] Jonah, U. E. and Anyanwu, E. D. (2023). Assessment of heavy metal content in groundwaters of Ikpe Community, Akwa Ibom State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Limnology and Freshwater Biology. (3): 96-103.

[18] Kılıç, Z. (2021). Water Pollution: Causes, Negative Effects and Prevention Methods. Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 3 (2): 129 - 132

[19] Kithiia, S. M. (2012). Effects of Sediments Loads on Water Quality within the Nairobi River Basins, Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Protection. 2 (6): 16-20

[20] Kumari, J. and Paul, B. (2018). Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of

[21] River Sediment–A Review. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology. 5(3): 104 - 106

[22] Martins, O & Idowu, O. (2020). Essentials of Practical Water Quality Studies. Nigeria: University Press PLC.

[23] Mitiku, A. A. (2020). A Review on Water Pollution: Causes, Effects and Treatment method. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 60(2), January - February 2020; Article No. 16, Pages: 94-101

[24] Mote, A. and Vijay D, S. A. (2023). Water Pollution and Associated Health Effects- the Global Environmental Issues. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). 11 (12)

[25] Nsi, E. W., Ikpe, E. E. & Uwanta, E. (2022). Assessment of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Borehole Water in Eket, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International. 26 (11): 29-36. Article no.JGEESI.92322

[26] NSDWQ (2015). Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality, NIS 554: 2015

[27] Oduok, I. F. and Babalola, R. (2024). Environmental Impact Assessment on Petroleum Contaminated Soil in Eastern Obolo. International Journal of Engineering Applied Science and Technology. 8 (10): 30 - 35

[28] Olufemi, A. A., Shamsideen, O. and Olomolatan, I. M. (2017). A Geospatial Analysis of Coastal Land use/Land Cover Pattern and Shoreline Changes in Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. Environmental Technology & Science Journal 8 (1).

[29] Rao, C. S. (2005). Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. India: New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers.

[30] Rao, P. V. (2006). Principles of Environmental Science and Engineering. India: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited

[31] Reddy, C. B., Shrivastav, R. and Srinivasarao, T. (2024). Assessment of Water Quality in Musi River: Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact. Anveshana’s International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Science. 9(3)

[32] Sahdev and Kuldeep (2024). A review of soil pollution, causes, and health effects. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research.Vol 12(2)

[33] Sharma, A. (2015). Soil Pollution And Its Effects On Human Health. International Journal of Current Science (IJCSPUB). 5 (4)

[34] Shaibu, S. E., Effiom, A. O., Essien, N. S., Archibong, E. S., Iboutenang, N. D., Effiong, A. I., Asukwo, H. O., David, B. A., Effiong, F. I., Ekpo, C. , Akpabio, I. F., Simon, S. E. and Eyo, G. A. (2024). Evaluating Groundwater Safety: Heavy Metal Contamination of Selected Boreholes across Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. UJMR, Conference Special Issue 9 (3): 267 - 277. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2493.033

[35] Shultana, S. and Khan, R. A. (2022). Water quality assessment, reasons of river water pollution, impact on human health and remediation of polluted river water. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2022, 10(02), 107–115

[36] Sojka, M. and Jaskuła, J. (2022). Heavy Metals in River Sediments: Contamination, Toxicity, and Source Identification—A Case Study from Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19, 10502.

[37] Solomon, B. E., Ajiwe, V. I. E. & Enoh, E. A. (2021). Heavy Metal Pollution of Seawater, Sediment and Shrimps of Qua Iboe River, Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research. 4 (1): 1-13

[38] Suarez, M. (2024). The Impact of Soil Pollution on Environment, Health and Food. Journal of Pollution Effects & Control. 12(1)

[39] Tommy, I. E., Ndaeyo, N. U. & Etuk, I. M. (2022). Solid Waste Characterization and Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Soils and Amaranthus Spp in some Dumpsites in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State. International Journal of Agricultural Research and Food International Journal of Agricultural Research and Food. 7 (2): 1 - 23

[40] Tundu, C., Tumbare, M. J., and Onema, J. K. (2018). Sedimentation and Its Impacts/Effects on River System and Reservoir Water Quality: case Study of Mazowe Catchment, Zimbabwe. Proc. International Association of Hydrological Sciences IAHS, 377, 57–66,

[41] Uduak, I. G. and Umoh, F. O. (2022). Heavy metals and pollution assessment in soils around major dumps in Akwa Ibom State. Journal Of Agriculture, Forestry & Environment , 6(1), 25-33. https://jafe.net.ng/index.php/home/article/view/68

[42] Udoh, J. C. (2015). Multi – Hazard Vulnerability Mapping: an Example Of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal October 2015 edition vol.11, No.29

[43] Udoh, J. C. and Ekanem, E. M. (2011). GIS based risk assessment of oil spill in the coastal areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 5(3), pp. 205-211

[44] U.S. EPA (2007). Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods (SW-846).

[45] WHO (2017) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th ed.

@article{1713132,
      author = {Enoch Oyokunyi, Idongesit Friday Oduok, Okeke Gerald Ndubuisi},
      title = {Assessment of Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Contamination in Selected Coastal Communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {6},
      pages = {2036-2046},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1713132.pdf},
      abstract = {Environmental contamination by hydrocarbons and heavy metals from petroleum exploration remains a significant ecological concern in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics, hydrocarbon levels, and heavy metal concentrations of surface water, borehole water, soil, and sediment samples from Mbo, Udung Uko, Ibeno, and Oron in Akwa Ibom State. Standard APHA and EPA procedures were employed for laboratory analysis, and results were compared with WHO (2017) and NSDWQ (2015) limits. The results revealed high TPH (up to 150.962 ug/L) and THC (175.045 mg/L) in Ibeno and Oron waters, indicating severe petroleum contamination. Heavy metals such as Fe (11.528 mg/L), Pb (0.099 mg/L) and Cd (0.028 mgL) exceeded WHO limits, while borehole waters remained largely within standards. Soil and sediment samples also recorded elevated Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations, confirming prolonged hydrocarbon influence. These findings suggest that petroleum activities significantly deteriorate water and soil quality in the study area. Continuous monitoring and remediation measures are recommended to mitigate environmental and public health risks.},
      keywords = {Environmental pollution, Heavy metals, Hydrocarbon contamination, Water quality, Akwa Ibom State, Niger Delta},
      month = {December},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I6-1713132}
  }