Energy Interaction and Optimisation Within A Solar Panel Collector at Peak Hours of Irradiation

References

[1] A, M, Mirhabibi (2015) Types of Solar Cells and Application, American Journal of Optics and Photonics 2015; 3(5): 94-113 Published online August 21, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajop) doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20150305.17 ISSN: 2330-8486 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8494 (Online)

[2] R. Jensen, I. Sifnaios, S. Furbo, and J. Dragsted, “Self-shading of two-axis tracking solar collectors: Impact of field layout, latitude, and aperture shape,” Solar Energy, vol. 236, pp. 215–224, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2022.02.023.

[3] A.C. Killam, J. F. Karas, A. Augusto, and S. G. Bowden, “Monitoring of photovoltaic system performance using outdoor suns VOC,” Joule, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 210–227, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.007.

[4] Adinoyi M.J and S.A.M. Said, (2013) Effect of Dust Accumulation on the Power Outputs of Solar Photovoltaic Modules, Renewable Energy, 60, 633.

[5] Ahn, N., Son, D.-Y., Jang, I.-H., Kang, S.M., Choi, M. and Park, N.-G. (2015). Highly Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells with Average Efficiency of 18.3% and Best Efficiency of 19.7% Fabricated via Lewis Base Adduct of Lead(II) Iodide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137, 8696-8699.

[6] Akpabio I. E, Udoimuk A. B, (2002) Characteristic distribution of total, diffuse and direct solar radiation at Calabar, GJPAS, 9(1), 139-146.

[7] Al Sabounchi A.M, (1998) Effect of ambient temperature on the demanded energy of solar cells at different inclinations, Renewable Energy, 14, 149-155.

[8] Al-Ezzi, A.S.; Ansari, M.N.M. (2022) Photovoltaic Solar Cells: A Review. Appl. Syst. Innov., 5, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040067.

[9] Alonso Garcia M.C, Balenzategui J.L, (2010) Estimation of Photovoltaic module yearly temperature and performance based on nominal operation cell temperature calculations, Renewable Energy, 29.

[10] Ankur Kumar Bansal, Dinesh Kumar, Dr. Mukesh Kumar. (2019). A Review Paper on Development in Material Used in Solar Panel as Solar Cell Material. SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 6, 2019. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V6I6P107

[11] Ashok, S. (2023). Solar energy. https://www.britannica.com/science/solar-energy. Encyclopedia no.6, Britannica. pp. Available 35-41, at:

[12] Askari Mohammad Bagher, Mirzaei Mahmoud AbadiVahid, Mirhabibi Mohsen. (2015). Types of Solar Cells and Application. American Journal of Optics and Photonics. Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 94-113. Doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20150305.17.

[13] Ašmontas, S., & Mujahid, M. (2023). Recent Progress in Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells. Nanomaterials, 13(12), 1886. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13121886.

[14] Baras A etal, (2012), Opportunities and challenges of Solar Energy in Saudi Arabia, In proc. World Renewable Energy forum (WREF) 2012, ed. By C. Fellows (Curran Associates), pp.4721

[15] Barolhi M, Grandi G and Tina G.M, (2012), Comparison of PV cell Temperature estimation by different thermal exchange calculation methods, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’12), Santiago de Compostela (Spain), 28th to 30th March.

[16] C. A. Saleel, “Forecasting the energy output from a combined cycle thermal power plant using deep learning models,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 28, p. 101693, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101693.

[17] C. F. Abe, J. B. Dias, G. Notton, and P. Poggi, “Computing solar irradiance and average temperature of photovoltaic modules from the maximum power point coordinates,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 655–663, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.2966362.

[18] C. J. Smith, P. M. Forster, and R. Crook, “Global analysis of photovoltaic energy output enhanced by phase change material cooling,” Applied energy, vol. 126, pp. 21–28, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.083.

[19] C. Pica, R. Munteanu, S. Pavel, and H. Beleiu, "Modeling of photovoltaic panels," 2018 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), 2018, pp. 0769–0773, doi: 10.1109/ICEPE.2018.8559884.

[20] C. Stanciu and D. Stanciu, “Optimum tilt angle for flat plate collectors all over the world-a declination dependence formula and comparisons of three solar radiation models,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 81, pp. 133–143, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.02.016.

[21] Carroll, Bradley W. (2017-09-07). An introduction to modern astrophysics. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-108-42216-1. OCLC 991641816. [Crossref]

[22] Choubey, P. C., Oudhia, A., & Dewangan, R. (2012). A review: Solar cell current scenario and future trends. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 4(8). https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/rrst/article/view/942. Retrieved from

[23] D. H. W. Li and T. N. T. Lam, “Determining the optimum tilt angle and orientation for solar energy collection based on measured solar radiance data,” International Journal of Photo energy, vol. 2007, 2007, doi: 10.1155/2007/85402.

[24] E. Ndzibah, G. A. Pinilla-De La Cruz, and A. Shamsuzzoha, “Collaboration towards value creation for end-of-life solar photovoltaic panel in Ghana,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 333, p. 129969, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129969.

[25] Ettah E.B, Eno E.E, Udoimuk A.B, (2009) The effects of Solar panel temperature on the power output efficiency in Calabar, Nigeria, Journal of Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, 23,16-22.

[26] Ettah E.B, Obiefuna J. Nwabueze, Njar G.N, (2011) The relationship between solar radiation and the efficiency of solar panels in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 1(4), 124 126.

[27] Furushima K, Nawata Y, Sadatomi M, (2006), Prediction of photovoltaic power output considering weather effects, In ASES Conference SOLAR - Renewable Energy key to climate Recovery, July 7-13, Denver, Colorado.

[28] G. Etxegarai, A. López, N. Aginako, and F. Rodríguez, “An analysis of different deep learning neural networks for intra-hour solar irradiation forecasting to compute solar photovoltaic generators’ energy production,” Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 68, pp. 1–17, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2022.02.002.

[29] G. G. Dranka, P. Ferreira, and A. I. F. Vaz, “Integrating supply and demand-side management in renewable-based energy systems,” Energy, vol. 232, p. 120978, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120978.

[30] G.H. Wang et al., “Performance characterization for bifacial photovoltaic modules,” 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), pp. 2778–2780, 2019, doi:10.1109/PVSC40753.2019.8980710.

[31] Griffiths, David J. (1999). Introduction to electrodynamics (3. ed., reprint. with corr. ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.]: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X. [Crossref]

[32] Hogan J, R.E. AEETES—A solar reflux receiver thermal performance numerical model, Proceedings of the 1992 ASME International Solar Energy Conference, Maui, HI, 1992.

[33] Igo J, Andraka CE, Solar dish field system model for spacing optimization, Proceedings of the Energy Sustainability Conference, Long Beach, CA, 2007.

[34] J.-R. Rodríguez-Ossorio, A. González-Martínez, M. de Simón-Martín, A.-M. Diez-Suárez, A. Colmenar-Santos, and E. Rosales Asensio, “Levelized cost of electricity for the deployment of solar photovoltaic plants: The region of León (Spain) as case study,” Energy Reports, vol. 7, pp. 199–203, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.034.

[35] Katkar A.A, Shinde N.N, Kohli G.C, Gaikwad S.P, (2009) Evaluation of Industrial Solar Cell with respect to temperature, Journal of Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, 23, 16-22.

[36] Kistler BL, A user’s manual for DELSOL3: A computer code for calculating the optical performance and optimal system design for solar thermal central receiver plants, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 1987.

[37] L. L. Li, S. Y. Wen, M. L. Tseng, and C. S. Wang, “Renewable energy prediction: A novel short-term prediction model of photovoltaic output power,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 228, pp. 359–375, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.331.

[38] L. Tian, Y. Huang, S. Liu, S. Sun, J. Deng, and H. Zhao, “Application of photovoltaic power generation in rail transit power supply system under the background of energy low carbon transformation,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 5167 5174, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2021.04.008.

[39] Lakatos, Laszlo & Hevessy, G. & Kovács, J. (2011) Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy and Wind-Power Utilization. World Futures. 67. 395-408. DOI: 10.1080/02604020903021776.

[40] Leary PL, Hankins JD, User’s guide for MIRVAL—A computer code for mod eling the optical behavior of reflecting solar concentrators, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 1979.

[41] Leary PL, Hankins JD, User’s guide for MIRVAL—A computer code for mod eling the optical behavior of reflecting solar concentrators, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 1979.

[42] Liu, B. Y. H.; Jordan, R. C. (1960). "The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation". Solar Energy. 4 (3): 1. Bibcode:1960SoEn....4....1L. doi:10.1016/0038-092X(60)90062-1 [Crossref]

[43] M. Alam, K. Kumar, J. Srivastava, and V. Dutta, "A study on DC microgrids voltages based on photovoltaic and fuel cell power generators," 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2018, pp. 643–648, doi: 10.1109/ICRERA.2018.8566854.

[44] Min, Ho. (2016). A Review on the Organic Solar Cells. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 10. 21-24.

[45] N N. Ramli and S. Walker, "Pan-global, annualized determination of solar collector optimum tilt angle," 2015 7th International Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control (ICMIC), 2015, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/ICMIC.2015.7409455.

[46] N. F. B. Ibrahim, Z. Bin Abu Bakar and W. S. B. W. Ibrahim, "The feasibility study of solar PV lighting: In Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak," 2016 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon), 2016, pp. 92–96, doi: 10.1109/IEACON.2016.8067362.

[47] N. Pichel, M. Vivar, and M. Fuentes, “Optimization study of a photovoltaic-photochemical hybrid system (SOLWAT) for meeting the needs of electricity and clean water,” 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC), Jun. 2018, pp. 1222–1224, doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2018.8547320.

[48] Nishioka K, Hatayama T, Urakoa Y, Fuyuki T, Hagihara R, Watanabe M, (2003) Field –Test Analysis of PV System Output Characteristics focusing on module temperature, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 75, 665-671.

[49] NIST, Boulder, CO, 2002. Additional properties may be found from the REFPROP database as needed. Appendix 8 761.

[50] Nordmann T and Clavadetscher L, (2003), Understanding temperature effects on PV system performance, Proc. 3rd World Conf on PV Energy Conversion, 3, 2243.

[51] O. F. Alrawi, T. Al-Siddiqi, A. Al-Muhannadi, A. Al-Siddiqi, and S. G. Al-Ghamdi, “Determining the influencing factors in the residential rooftop solar photovoltaic systems adoption: Evidence from a survey in Qatar,” Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 257–262, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.064.

[52] P. Bharadwaj and V. John, "Shading fraction based global maximum power prediction for photovoltaic energy conversion systems," 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC), 2018, pp. 1163–1168, doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2018.8547361.

[53] P. Li, X. Gao, Z. Li, and X. Zhou, “Effect of the temperature difference between land and lake on photovoltaic power generation,” Renewable Energy, vol. 185, pp. 86–95, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.011.

[54] P. Megantoro, M. A. Syahbani, I. H. Sukmawan, and S. D. Perkasa, “Effect of peak sun hour on energy productivity of solar photovoltaic power system,” vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 2442–2449, 2022, doi: 10.11591/eei.v11i5.3962.

[55] Philipps, S.P., Bett, A.W., Horowitz, K. and Kurtz, S. (2015). Current Status of Concentrator Photovoltaics (CPV) Technology. Report Version 1.2, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (NREL).

[56] Quaschning, Volker (2003). "Technology fundamentals—The sun as an energy resource". Renewable Energy World. 6 (5): 90–93. [Crossref]

[57] Ratzel AC, Boughton BD, CIRCE.001: A computer code for analysis of point-focus concentrators with flat targets, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, 1987. TABLE A8.3 (CONTINUED) Properties of Supercritical CO2 at Different Pressures and Temperatures T (°C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg ∙ K) T (°C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg ∙ K) Properties of Carbon Dioxide at P = 25 MPa 370 807 2.385 760 1298.5 2.9816 380 819.52 2.4043 770 1311.3 2.994 390 832.03 2.4233 780 1324.2 3.0063 400 844.52 2.442 790 1337.1 3.0185 410 857 2.4604 800 1350 3.0306 Note: These properties were found from the REFPROP database from Lemmon, E.W., M.O. Mclinden, and M.L. Huber, NIST reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties— REFPROP, NIST Standard Reference Database

[58] Ravindra N. M, Srivasatva V.K, (2012) Temperature dependence of the maximum theoretical efficiency in solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and solar Cells,1, 107 109.

[59] Rehman, Fatima & Syed, Iqrar & Khanam, Saira & Ijaz, Sumbel & Mehmood, Haris & Zubair, Muhammad & Massoud, Yehia & Mehmood, Muhammad Qasim. (2023). Fourth Generation Solar Cells: A Review. Energy Advances. DOI: 10.1039/D3YA00179B.

[60] Resser V.V, Fuentes M.K, (1984), linear regression analysis of flat plate photovoltaic system performance data. IN : Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Proceedings of the fifth International Conference, Athens, Greece, October17-21, 1983(A85-11301 02-44). Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., p.623-627.

[61] S. Jain, C. Karmann, and J. Wienold, “Behind electrochromic glazing: Assessing user’s perception of glare from the sun in a controlled environment,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 256, p. 111738, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111738.

[62] S. M. Aarakit, J. M. Ntayi, F. Wasswa, M. S. Adaramola, and V. F. Ssennono, “Adoption of solar photovoltaic systems in households: evidence from Uganda,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 329, p. 129619, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129619.

[63] S. P. Koko, “Optimal battery sizing for a grid-tied solar photovoltaic system supplying a residential load: A case study under South African solar irradiance,” Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 410–418, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.02.183.

[64] S. Yoshida, S. Ueno, N. Kataoka, H. Takakura, and T. Minemoto, “Estimation of global tilted irradiance and output energy using meteorological data and performance of photovoltaic modules,” Solar Energy, vol. 93, pp. 90–99, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2013.04.001.

[65] Schmitz M, Schwarzbozl P, Buck R, Pitz-Paal R, Assessment of the potential improvement due to multiple apertures in central receiver systems with sec ondary concentrators, Solar Energy, 80, 111–20, 2006.

[66] Sharma, S., Jain, K. and Sharma, A.(2015) Solar Cells: In Research and Applications. A Review. Materials Sciences and Applications, 6, 1145-1155. Doi: 10.4236/msa.2015.612113.

[67] Shi, D., Zeng, Y. and Shen, W. (2015). Pervoskite/c-Si Tandem Solar Cell with Inverted Nanopyramids: Realizing High Efficiency by Controllable Light Trapping. Scientific Reports, 5, Article No. 16504.

[68] Siddiqui R, Bajpai U, (2012) Correlation between thicknesses of dust collected on photovoltaic module and difference in efficiencies in composite climate, International Journal of Energy and Environment Engineering, 3(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1186/2251-6832-3-26.

[69] Siddiqui R, Bajpai U, (2012) Deviation in the performance of Solar Module under Climatic parameters as Ambient Temperature and Wind Velocity in Composite Climate, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2(3), 486-490.

[70] Siddiqui R, Bajpai U, (2012) Statistical Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Module output with Temperature, Humidity and Wind Velocity in Composite Climate, European Journal of Scientific Research, 80 (4), 447-456.

[71] Silva J.P, Nofuentes G, Munoz J.V, (2010) Spectral Reflectance patterns of Photovoltaic modules and their thermal effects, Journal of Solar Engineering, 132

[72] Skoplaki E, Palyros J.A, (2009) on the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of efficiency/ power correlations, Solar Energy, 83, 614-624.

[73] Spanel Planetarium. (2022).The Sun https://www.wwu.edu/astro101/a101_sun.shtml. and Nuclear Fusion. Available at:

[74] Stoddard MC, Faas SE, Chiang CJ, Dirks JA, SOLERGY—A computer code for calculating the annual energy from central receiver power plants, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 1987.

[75] Stoddard MC, Faas SE, Chiang CJ, Dirks JA, SOLERGY—A computer code for calculating the annual energy from central receiver power plants, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 1987.

[76] Suhaimi, S., Shahimin, M.M., Alahmed, Z.A., Chyský, J. and Reshak, A.H. (2015).Materials for Enhanced Dye-Sen-sitized Solar Cell Performance: Electrochemical Application. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 10, 28- 59.

[77] Tina Casey. (2015).An Article on Perovskites Will Power New Low-Cost & Highly Efficient Solar Cells. Clean Technical.

[78] "Thermal insulation — Heat transfer by radiation — Physical quantities and definitions". ISO 9288:1989. ISO catalogue. 1989. Retrieved 2015-03-15. [Crossref]

[79] U. Y. Tito, L. Quispe-Huaman, and O. -A. Vilca-Huayta, "Evaluation of the peak-sun hour on a tilted surface in the City of Juliaca," 2020 IEEE XXVII International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computing (INTERCON), 2020, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/INTERCON50315.2020.9220191.

[80] Y. Cao, A. Sha, Z. Liu, J. Li, and W. Jiang, “Energy output of piezoelectric transducers and pavements under simulated traffic load,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 279, p. 123508, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123508.

[81] Y. Liu, "Research of automatic monitoring and control strategy of photovoltaic power generation system," 2018 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Intelligent Systems (ICVRIS), 2018, pp. 343–347, doi: 10.1109/ICVRIS.2018.00090.

[82] Z. Wang, H. Zhang, B. Dou, G. Zhang, and W. Wu, “Theoretical and experimental evaluation on the electrical properties of multi junction solar cells in a reflective concentration photovoltaic system,” Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 820–831, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.018. "Thermal insulation Heat transfer by radiation Physical quantities and definitions". ISO 9288:1989. ISO catalogue. 1989. Retrieved 2015-03-15. [Crossref]

@article{1713890,
      author = {Nwangwu Ekenedilichukwu Theophilus, Kingsley Ejikeme Madu, NNAM IKECHUKWU ONWUKA},
      title = {Energy Interaction and Optimisation Within A Solar Panel Collector at Peak Hours of Irradiation},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {7},
      pages = {2421-2439},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1713890.pdf},
      abstract = {Nigeria, like many developing nations, faces challenges in providing reliable and affordable electricity, the country relies heavily on fossil fuels such as petroleum and natural gas to power its electrical grid in order to meet the high energy demand solar energy have been developed. It offers numerous advantages as compared to other forms of energy like fossil fuels and other deposits. A PV solar panel is a grouping of small solar cells. These cells are organized in a specific arrangement to provide a large amount of electricity. One of the approaches to benefit from the sun energy and convert it to thermal and electrical energy is through photovoltaic (PV) Panels, the amount of energy that can be converted by a solar cell is determined by the effective insolation time, the type of PVpanel used and also the critical wether conditions lijke the humidity, Temperature, Wind etc.. This study focuses on the Energy interaction within a solar panel collector at peak hours of irradiation. Although the methods used in generation of electrical energy is same in every cell but the efficiency factor depends upon the type of material that is being used in a cell. Each kind of material used in a cell has its own advantages and disadvantages. Solar panel designs consist four main components: solar panels, an inverter, an AC breaker panel, and a net meter. Some of the common features of the solar panel is to determine the amount of electricity that a solar panel can produce, the dimensions of the solar panel and how much space it occupies, the ability of the solar panel to withstand harsh weather conditions and physical damage. To determine the ratio of the electricity output to the solar input of the solar panel (efficiency) P_PV=  P_load/(PSH.η_system ), and lastly the guarantee of the solar panel manufacturers or installer to repair or replace defective panels. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on solar panel, solar declination,δ= 〖23,45〗^0  sin⁡〖(〖360〗^0  (284+n)/365)〗, tilt angle, and solar angles to determine the enhance the solar irradiance factor at peak sun hour.},
      keywords = {Potrntial, Factors, Based, Efficiency, Forces, Systems},
      month = {January},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I7-1713890}
  }