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Solar Wind, IMF Bz, and Geomagnetic Storm Coupling as Precursors to Forbush Decrease Events in Solar Cycle 25
Subject area: Science,Engineering and Technology · Area of research: Astrophysics
DOI: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I8-1714398
Abstract
Forbush Decrease (FD) events are sudden decreases in galactic cosmic ray intensity caused by interplanetary disturbances such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar wind shocks, and strengthened magnetic fields. This study looks at the relationship between solar wind characteristics, the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF B and Bz), and geomagnetic storm indices (Dst and Kp) as antecedents of Forbush Decrease events during Solar Cycle 25 (2023-2026). The study found robust associations between sustained southward IMF Bz, high solar wind velocity (>600 km/s), and powerful geomagnetic storms (Dst < −200 nT), which are known to precede large FD events.The findings confirm that solar wind disturbances and geomagnetic storm intensity act as reliable precursors for Forbush Decrease forecasting and contribute to improved space weather prediction models during Solar Cycle 25.
Keywords
Forbush Decrease; Solar Cycle 25; IMF Bz; Solar Wind Speed; Geomagnetic Storms; Dst Index; Kp Index; Cosmic Ray Modulation; Space Weather; CME-driven Disturbances
References
[1] Mavromichalaki, H., et al. (2024). Unusual Forbush Decreases and Geomagnetic Storms During Solar Cycle 25. Atmosphere.
[2] Ahmed, O., Badruddin, B., & Derouich, M. (2025). Forbush Decreases During Strong Geomagnetic Storms: Time Delays and ICME Modulation.
[3] Sargsyan, B., & Chilingarian, A. (2026). Ground-Level Enhancements and Forbush Decrease Events in Solar Cycle 25.
[4] Eastwood, J. P., et al. (2017). The Scientific Foundations of Space Weather Forecasting. Space Science Reviews.
[5] Lockwood, M. (2022). Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Coupling Functions and Space Weather Prediction. Space Weather.
[6] Usoskin, I. G. (2023). Cosmic Ray Modulation in the Heliosphere. Living Reviews in Solar Physics.
[7] Cane, H. V. (2000). Coronal Mass Ejections and Forbush Decreases. Space Science Reviews.
[8] Belov, A. (2009). Forbush Effects and Their Connection with Solar, Interplanetary, and Geomagnetic Phenomena.
[9] NASA OMNI Web Database, NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) Data Archives, SILSO World Data Center for Sunspot Index and Solar Observations, kyoto World Data Center for Geomagnetism – Dst Index Database.
How to cite this paper
@article{1714398,
author = {Dr. Preeti Pandey, Devanshi Shukla, Aastha Pandey},
title = {Solar Wind, IMF Bz, and Geomagnetic Storm Coupling as Precursors to Forbush Decrease Events in Solar Cycle 25},
journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
year = {2026},
volume = {9},
number = {8},
pages = {1413-1417},
issn = {2456-8880},
url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1714398.pdf},
abstract = {Forbush Decrease (FD) events are sudden decreases in galactic cosmic ray intensity caused by interplanetary disturbances such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar wind shocks, and strengthened magnetic fields. This study looks at the relationship between solar wind characteristics, the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF B and Bz), and geomagnetic storm indices (Dst and Kp) as antecedents of Forbush Decrease events during Solar Cycle 25 (2023-2026). The study found robust associations between sustained southward IMF Bz, high solar wind velocity (>600 km/s), and powerful geomagnetic storms (Dst < −200 nT), which are known to precede large FD events.The findings confirm that solar wind disturbances and geomagnetic storm intensity act as reliable precursors for Forbush Decrease forecasting and contribute to improved space weather prediction models during Solar Cycle 25.},
keywords = {Forbush Decrease; Solar Cycle 25; IMF Bz; Solar Wind Speed; Geomagnetic Storms; Dst Index; Kp Index; Cosmic Ray Modulation; Space Weather; CME-driven Disturbances},
month = {February},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I8-1714398}
}