In vivo determination of effects of fractions of Chrysophyllum albidum leaf extract on kidney function of Bitis arietans envenomated Wistar rats.
Abstract
Background: In many parts of Nigeria, the Puff adder (Bitis arietans) is a serious threat to public health. Its venom often causes severe internal damage, specifically targeting the kidneys. This study set out to see if natural compounds found in African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) leaves could help protect the kidneys from these toxic effects. Methods: We started by breaking down the leaf extract into 24 different parts (fractions). After testing them in the lab, we chose the three most powerful fractions (F5B, F6A, and F10B) to test in Wistar rats. We gave the rats a controlled dose of venom and then treated different groups with either the plant fractions or a standard anti-venom. We then monitored their kidney health by checking urea, creatinine, and electrolyte levels, alongside physical exams of the kidney tissues and antioxidant activity. Results: The results showed that the venom caused immediate and significant kidney damage, spiking waste levels in the blood and causing "oxidative stress" in the tissues. However, the rats treated with the C. albidum fractions showed remarkable recovery. These plant extracts worked similarly to standard anti-venom, bringing kidney function markers back toward normal levels. Detailed analysis (HPLC) revealed that the leaves are packed with protective compounds like myricetin and various beneficial acids. Furthermore, the extracts helped reduce the over-expression of the VEGF gene caused by the venom and physically shielded the kidney tissues from permanent scarring. Conclusion: Our findings show that Chrysophyllum albidum leaves contain potent ingredients that can fight off the kidney-damaging effects of Puff adder venom. This suggests that these local plants could be a valuable resource for developing new, more accessible treatments for snakebite victims.
Keywords
Chrysophyllum albidum, Bitis arietans, Kidney function, Anti-venom, Nephrotoxicity, Antioxidants
Citations
IRE Journals:
Eneji, Emmanuel Afen, Yakubu, O. E, Imo, Chinedu "In vivo determination of effects of fractions of Chrysophyllum albidum leaf extract on kidney function of Bitis arietans envenomated Wistar rats." Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 9 Issue 9 2026 Page 3221-3232 https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I9-1715526
IEEE:
Eneji, Emmanuel Afen, Yakubu, O. E, Imo, Chinedu
"In vivo determination of effects of fractions of Chrysophyllum albidum leaf extract on kidney function of Bitis arietans envenomated Wistar rats." Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 9(9) https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I9-1715526
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