Suitability Analysis of Groundwater Quality for A Standard Swimming Pool in University of Uyo

References

[1] Akpan, S. S., & Udom, G. J. (2024). Hydrogeochemical evolution and groundwater quality in the coastal aquifers of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 208, 105122.

[2] Anweting, I. B., et al. (2024). Physicochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals Assessment of Surface Water and Sediment from Idim Idaang Stream, Akwa Ibom State. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 15(1), 105-118.

[3] APHA (2023). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (24th ed.). American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.

[4] APHA, Awwa, & Wef. (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association.

[5] Asuquo, J. E., & Etim, E. E. (2024). Trace metal enrichment and health risk assessment of groundwater in industrial layouts of Southeastern Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196, 45.

[6] AWWA. (2017). M27 External Corrosion Control for Infrastructure (4th ed.). American Water Works Association.

[7] Bassey, D. E., et al. (2025). Health risk assessment of recreational water contact in heavy metal-impacted coastal regions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 198, 115780.

[8] CDC (2025). Operating and Managing Public Pools, Hot Tubs and Splash Pads: 2025 Guidelines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[9] Edet, A. (2022). Groundwater Quality and Vulnerability Assessment in parts of the Niger Delta (Nigeria). Applied Water Science, 12(3), 56.

[10] EPA (2024). Recreational Water Quality Criteria and Methods. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.

[11] Essien, O. E., et al. (2024). Influence of groundwater acidity on the lifespan of hydraulic infrastructure in the Niger Delta. Engineering Geology, 312, 106954.

[12] Eyo, I. E., Tom, A. A., & Aniefiok, I. S. (2026). Policy Implications and Public Health Risks of Contaminated Groundwater in Urban Nigeria: A GIS-Based Case Study of Uyo. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 13(14), 68-74.

[13] George, N. J., et al. (2025). Integrated geophysical and geochemical assessment of aquifer potential in Uyo Metropolis. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 221, 105210.

[14] Inyang, U. P., et al. (2024). Seasonal variation in groundwater chemistry in the sedimentary basins of Akwa Ibom State. Environmental Earth Sciences, 83, 112.

[15] Itam, E. B., et al. (2024). Chemical balance in swimming pool water: A study of disinfectant decay in tropical climates. Water Quality Research Journal, 59(2), 88-102.

[16] Izeze, E. O., & Ogueh, D. (2024). Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater of Field Y, Offshore Niger Delta. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 9(9), 589-602.

[17] Langelier, W. F. (1936). The analytical control of anti-corrosion water treatment. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 28(10), 1500-1521.

[18] Nganje, T. N., et al. (2023). Geogenic and anthropogenic footprints on the groundwater quality of the Niger Delta region. Scientific Reports, 13, 12045.

[19] Nwankwoala, H. O. (2023). Hydrogeology of the Niger Delta: Current Status and Future Challenges. University of Port Harcourt Press.

[20] Obiefuna, G. I., et al. (2024). Multivariate statistical approach to groundwater quality assessment in institutional environments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 15432-15448.

[21] Okon, U. B., et al. (2023). Analysis of groundwater quality in Uyo Capital City: A comparative study of commercial and private boreholes. Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 7(2), 15-29.

[22] Onabote, E. J., et al. (2025). Assessment of the Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Parameters of Groundwater Quality in Halls of Residence: Landmark University. NIPES Journal of Science and Technology, 7(4).

[23] Udoh, A. P., & Etim, E. E. (2025). Evaluating the potability of borehole water in educational institutions within the Uyo metropolis. Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 22(1), 44-53.

[24] Udosen, E. D. (2024). Urbanization and its impact on the groundwater quality of Uyo city, Nigeria. Sustainable Cities and Society, 102, 105190.

[25] Umo-Otong, J. S., et al. (2025). The nexus between groundwater $pH$ and bather skin irritation: A study of municipal pools in Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 17(1), 12-24.

[26] UNESCO (2023). United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: Partnerships and Cooperation for Water. UNESCO, Paris.

[27] WHO. (2022). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. World Health Organization.

[28] WHO (2025). Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments, Volume 2: Swimming Pools and Similar Environments. World Health Organization.

[29] World Bank (2024). Water Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: A 2026 Perspective on Sustainable Development Goals. World Bank Group.

@article{1716460,
      author = {Uduak Joseph Ekanem},
      title = {Suitability Analysis of Groundwater Quality for A Standard Swimming Pool in University of Uyo},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {10},
      pages = {2286-2291},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1716460.pdf},
      abstract = {Groundwater is a vital source of drinking water and for recreational facilities in most areas, but its chemical stability is often ignored, which is the cause of the mass destruction of infrastructure and endangered health of the population. This paper analyses the corrosiveness and stability of calcium carbonate in groundwater taken at five strategic boreholes (BH 1 – BH 5) by using the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI). Analyses on physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, calcium hardness, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were conducted to establish the thermodynamic inclination of the water towards either scale development or corrosion. The findings demonstrate that all the sampling sites are highly chemically aggressive, and the LSIs are between -2.04 and -3.06. These high negative values show a steady under saturation condition with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which precludes the development of protective mineral scales in the distribution networks. This leads to internal corrosion and tuberculation in metallic pipes that not only diminishes hydraulic efficiency and life of infrastructure but also adds to the chances of heavy metal leaching into the supply. To reduce such risks, the research suggests a series of stabilization measures such as aeration of CO2 stripping, lime [Ca(OH)2] dosing and decentralized systems, which will be provided with active calcite contactors. The results underscore the importance of applying chemical stabilization in groundwater management guidelines to guarantee the stability and security of water distribution systems in the long run.},
      keywords = {Groundwater Quality, Swimming Pool, Langelier Saturation Index.},
      month = {April},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I10-1716460}
  }