Interpreting t-Test Results: A Practical Comparison of Manual Computation and SPSS Output for Researchers

@article{1716922,
      author = {Naziru Aminu, Ishaku Akissani},
      title = {Interpreting t-Test Results: A Practical Comparison of Manual Computation and SPSS Output for Researchers},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {10},
      pages = {3169-3175},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1716922.pdf},
      abstract = {Accurate interpretation of statistical results is essential for credible research, particularly when employing inferential tools like the t-test to compare group means. Despite the increasing use of statistical software such as SPSS, many researchers and supervisors struggle to fully understand how these results are generated and what they imply. This seminar paper, titled "Interpreting t-Test Results: A Practical Comparison of Manual Computation and SPSS Output for Researchers", provides a detailed comparison between manual t-test computation and SPSS-generated results. It explores the underlying statistical concepts, outlines step-by-step procedures for both methods, and demonstrates how to apply decision rules using critical values and p-values. By highlighting the similarities and differences in output interpretation, this paper aims to improve the statistical literacy of researchers and enhance their ability to critically evaluate SPSS outputs. Practical examples and recommendations are provided to support better research practices and supervision.},
      keywords = {T-test, Manual Computation, SPSS Output.},
      month = {April},
  }