Assessment of Healthcare Performance: Knowledge, Attitude, Behavioral Characteristics of Patients and Spatial Distribution of PHC’s in Sepahijala District, Tripura, India

References

[1] Mathur, M., Wani, V. J., Basu, R., Manihar, P., Ansari, M. W. F., Mathur, N., ... & Singh, S. (2024). Urban Health Resilience: Strategies for Strengthening Public Health Systems in Response to Urbanization Challenges. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 49(Suppl 2), S159-S163.

[2] Saravanabavan, V., Reshma, C. U., & Preethi, S. (2021). Determinants of reproductive health inworkingwomen in Thrissur district, Kerala. GeoJournal, 86, 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10051-z

[3] Vinothini, C., Suja Rose, R. S., & Saravanabavan, V. (2024). Assessment of primary health care accessibility and patients’ perception in Madurai district: a geo-medical study. GeoJournal, 89(5), 211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-024-11208-1

[4] Vinothini, C., Saravanabavan, V., & Rose, R. S. (2024). Travel patterns of adult patients to primaryhealthcenters in Madurai district: A public health perspective. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 13(1), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.1.1605

[5] Saravanabavan, V., Nongspung, C., Vinothini, C., & Vadivel, S. (2025). Healthcare Accessibility in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India: Age, Gender, and Socioeconomic Barriers to Primary Health Centre Access. Asian Journal of Geographical Research, 8(3), 488-505. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2025/v8i3313

[6] Saravanabavan, V., Cajee, L., Sangma, M. C., & Vinothini, C. (2025). Spatial Distribution and Service Coverage Analysis of Primary Health Centres in South West Garo Hills District, Meghalaya, India. Asian Journal of Geographical Research, 8(4), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2025/v8i4344

[7] Vinothini, C., & Saravanabavan, V. (2023). Determinants of health care facilities and patients’accessibility to PHC in Madurai district. International Journal of Geography, Geology, and Environment, 5(2), 17-22.

[8] Vinothini, C., Saravanabavan, V., &Emayavaramban, V. (2022). Location Accessibility of PHC andHealth care travel performance in Madurai District. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 ISSN, (2456-2165)

[9] Raab, C., Gambashidze, N., Brust, L., Weigl, M., & Koch, A. (2024). Motivation for patient engagement in patient safety: a multi-perspective, explorative survey. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1), 1052. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11495-x

[10] Liu, Q., Deng, J., Yan, W., Qin, C., Du, M., Wang, Y., ...& Liu, J. (2024). Burden and trends of infectious disease mortality attributed to air pollution, unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene, and non-optimal temperature globally and in different socio-demographic index regions. Global Health Research and Policy, 9(1), 23.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-024-00366-x

[11] Danyon DameshwaJyrwa ,V Saravanabavan, LaitpharlangCajee ,C Vinothini (2025) Spatial analysis and efficiency of healthcare delivery system in Meghalaya State, India: A ‘Z’ Score Approach International Journal of Science and Research Archive 15 (01), 1312-1324. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.1.1148

[12] Eswari, S., Saravanabavan, V., Vinothini, C., & Balaji, D. (2025). Mother and Child Health Care In Madurai District: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. The Indian Geographical Journal, 100(1), 39-54.

[13] Radhakrishnan, R., & Vaithialingam, S. (2023). Exploring the suitability of groundwater for domestic water quality and irrigation purpose in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu. In Surface and groundwater resources development and management in semi-arid region: strategies and solutions for sustainable water management (pp. 253-277). Cham: Springer International Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29394-8_14

[14] Rahamath Nisha R, V Saravanbavan, R Sureskumar (2021) Effects of Population Density and Air Pollution on Covid -19 Morbidity and Mortality in India Using GIS International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research 8 (8), H1-H11.http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijcmr.2021.8.8.8

[15] Saravanabavan, V., Balaji, D., Reshma, C. U., Sheheersha, S. K., Sudharsan, R., Vimala Vinnarasi, J., & Balasubramani, K.(2021).Urban disease ecology and its spatial variation of Chikungunya in Madurai City, Tamilnadu, India: a geo-medical study. GeoJournal, 86, 2335-2350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10192-6

[16] Vinothini, C., & Saravanabavan, V. (2022). Spatial Distribution of Emerging Diseases in Madurai District: A Geo Medical Study. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 7(6), 2456-2165.

[17] Umasankar, R. V., & Saravanabavan, V. (2024). Geospatial analysis of health care resource allocation in Karur District: Insights from GIS. Shodhkosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 5(1).January 646–655.DOI 10.29121/shodhkosh. v5.i1.2024.2040

[18] Vinothini, C., RS, S. R., Saravanabavan, V., & Vadivel, S. (2025). Factors influencing healthcare accessibility in Madurai District: A spatial and factor analytical approach. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research, 13(3), 20-30.

[19] Saravnabavan, V., Ganesan, J., Vinothini, C., & Balaji, D. (2026). The Impact of BMI on the Health Status of Tea Plantation Workers in the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 27(2), 59-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2026/v27i2741

[20] Sheheersha S.K, Saravanabavan V(2021) Geo-Medical Analysis of Telemedicine Based Mobile Tele-Ophthalmology Screening For Cataract Cases in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science 26 (10), 1-7

[21] Singh, A., & Guite, L. S. (2023). Spatial accessibility analysis of public healthcare resources in Muktsar district of Punjab, India using geospatial technology. GeoJournal, 88(5), 5031-5042.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-023-10907-5

[22] Leamy, M., Foye, U., Hirrich, A., Bjørgen, D., Silver, J., Simpson, A., ... & Johan-Johanson, K. (2023). A systematic review of measures of the personal recovery orientation of mental health services and staff. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 17(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-023-00600-y

[23] RahamathNisha, R., & Saravanabavan, V. (2020). Occupational health: a special reference to lung disease in petrochemical, metal and building material industrial workers in Melur taluk Madurai district. International journal of Contemporary medical Research, 7(7), G1-G6. doi: 10.21276/ijcmr.2020.7.7.12

[24] Saravanabavan, V., Emayavaramban, V., Thangamani, V., Manonmani, I. K., Rose, R. S., Balaji, D., ... & Vinothini, C. (2023). Spatial variation of covid-19 morbidity status and identification of risk zone in Tamil Nadu (India) during first wave. GeoJournal, 88(2), 1341-1354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10680-x

[25] Vinothini C, R.S. Suja Rose, V. Saravanabavan (2024) Demographic and Socio-economic Conditons of hte Patients of the Primary Health Care Centers in Madurai District, Tamilnadu, Indian Journal of Spatial Science 15 (4), 50-55

[26] Vinothini, C., Suja Rose, R.S & Saravanabavan, V. (2025) Patients’ Perception and Health care Accessibilityof Primary Health care centre in Madurai District-A Geo-Medical Study. December 2025.Annals of the National Association Of Geographers India 45(2):233-249 DOI:10.32381/ATNAGI.2025.45.02.8

[27] Saravanabavan, V., Vinothini, C., Suja Rose, R. S., & Balaji, D. (2025). A Geo-Chemical Study of Water Pollution Due to the Tanning Industry: A Case Study of Dindigul District, Tamilnadu, India. In Groundwater Resource Management Planning Strategies: A Geospatial Approach: Volume 1 (pp. 651-683). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88870-0_25

[28] Engjaipi, L., Saravanabavan, V., & Vinothini, C. (2025). Gender-wise travel pattern and utilization of primary health centers of Karbi Anglong district, Assam. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 14(03), 1320-1330.Article https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.3.0779

[29] Eswari, S., Saravanabavan, V., & Balaji, D. (2021). Structural equation modelling approach to determine the mother and child health care in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 8(2), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST218256

[30] Saravanabavan, V., Balaji, D., & Preethi, S. (2019). Identification of dengue risk zone: A geo-medicalstudy on Madurai city. GeoJournal, 84, 1073-1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9909-9

[31] Vinothini, C., Saravanabavan, V., & Suja Rose, R. S. (2025). Travel Behaviour Of Child Patients AndHealth Care Accessibility Of PHC In Madurai District, Tamilnadu. International Research Journal of Educatioin and Technology, 7(02).

[32] Vinothini, C., Suja Rose, R. S., Saravanabavan, V. (2026). Assessing Primary Healthcare Performance and Patient Perception Using Kernel Density Estimation in Madurai District. Journal of Advance and Future Research, Volume 4, Issue 4 April 2026,537-548. https://rjwave.org/jaafr/viewpaperforall.php?paper=JAAFR2604192

[33] Saha, R., & Mishra, U. S. (2024). Exploring the link between rural–urban health inequalities and health spending in India. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 1-36.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-024-00380-2

[34] Balasubramani, K., Saravanabavan, V., &Kannandasan, K. (2012). A Comparison of Approaches for Automated Watershed Delineation: A Case study of NagalAr Watershed. In Proceedings of the National Seminar on Geospatial Technology for Resource Evaluation and Management, Department of Geography, Madurai Kamaraj University (pp. 200-208).

[35] Saravanabavan, V. (2011). GIS analysis of pedestrian problem and spatial risk areas for each buffer zone in uraban cities a case study of Madurai city in Tamlnadu, India.South Eastern University of SriLanka,19th April 2011.

[36] Vinothini, C., Suja Rose, R. S., & Saravanabavan, V. (2025). Patient’s Satisfaction with Primary Healthcare Services and Its Link to Socio-Economic Conditions in Madurai District. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, 8(2), 248-253.

[37] Saravanabavan, V., Vinothini, C., Vadivel, S., Sanjeevi Prasad, S., Katturajan, K., & Balaji, D. (2025).Assessing the performance of primary health centres in Meghalaya: An automatic linear modelling. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 16(01),454-465.https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.16.1.2010

[38] Padilla, C. M., Kihal-Talantikit, W., Perez, S., & Deguen, S. (2016). Use of geographic indicators of healthcare, environment and socioeconomic factors to characterize environmental health disparities. Environmental health, 15, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0163-7

[39] Nemcha Mate, T. , Saravanabavan, V., & Vinothini, C. (2025). Consumption of Areca Nut and its Socioeconomic and Health Impacts in Shillong, Meghalaya-A Geographical Analysis. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 6(11), 899-909.https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.06.1125.3842

[40] Vinothini, C., Suja Rose, R. S., & Saravanabavan, V. (2025). Non-communicable diseases and socio-economic disparities: A case study of Madurai District. International Research Journal of Education and Technology, 8(9), 50-63.

[41] Sudharsan, R., Saravanabavan, V., Devanathan, D., & Tech, M. (2019). Patient Satisfaction and Perceptions about Quality of Healthcare at a Primary Healthcare Centre of Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Research in Science and Technology, 9, 2249-0604.

[42] Vinothini, C., Rose, R. S., & Saravanabavan, V. (2024). Spatial distribution and female travel behavior: Enhancing primary health care services in Madurai District. International Journal of Engineering applied Sciences and Technology, 9(05), 2455-2143.

[43] Shakhshir, M., &Alkaiyat, A. (2023). Healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice on quality of nutrition care in hospitals from a developing country: a multicenterexperience. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 42(1), 15.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00355-9

[44] Khatri, R. B., Endalamaw, A., Erku, D., Wolka, E., Nigatu, F., Zewdie, A., & Assefa, Y. (2024). Enablers and barriers of community health programs for improved equity and universal coverage of primary health care services: A scoping review. BMC primary care, 25(1), 385.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-024-02629-5

[45] Saravanabavan, V. (1996). Bicycles and health-a geo medical study of Madurai city. In Velo Australis and Velo-City'96, International Bicycle Conference, 1996, Fremantle, Western Australia.

[46] Vinothini C, Suja Rose R.S , Saravanabavan V (2025) Primary Health Care Utilization in Madurai District : a Cluster Approach to Socio-Economic and Infrastructure Barriers, International multidisciplinary Innovative research Journal - An International refereed e- journal,vol.9,Issue2,pp30-38.

[47] Sengnang S Mark, V.Saravanabavan, C.Vinothini (2026) Perception of Health Tourism in enhancing the quality of life of the Garo community: A case study of Daribokgre village, East Garo Hills, Meghalaya.International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 7 (3), 3469-3477. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.07.0326.20635

[48] Saravanabavan, V. (2013). Patients perception and travel behavior pattern in primary health carecenter in Haripad block-A micro Geo-medical study. Journal of Language in India, 13(4), 194-207.

[49] Vinothini, C., Rose, R. S., Vadivel, S., & Saravanabavan, V. (2025). Determinants of primary healthcare centres utilisation: A geo-statistical study of healthcare access in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 15(02), 1557-1567.https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.2.1544

[50] Vinothini, C., Ponnukalai, B., Rose, R. S., & Saravanabavan, V. (2026). Geoinformatics-based analysis of seasonal vegetation dynamics and mosquito-borne disease patterns in Madurai District. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, 9(2), 1429–1437.

[51] Van Niekerk, L., Bautista-Gomez, M. M., Msiska, B. K., Mier-Alpaño, J. D. B., Ongkeko Jr, A. M., & Manderson, L. (2023). Social innovation in health: strengthening Community Systems for Universal Health Coverage in rural areas. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14451-8

[52] Windle, A., Javanparast, S., Freeman, T., & Baum, F. (2023). Factors that influence evidence-informed meso-level regional primary health care planning: a qualitative examination and conceptual framework. Health Research Policy and Systems, 21(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-023-01049-8

[53] Ramphila A Shatsang., Saravanabavan, V., & Vinothini, C. (2025). Health and Socio-Economic Analysis of Adolescent Drug Abuse in Ukhrul District, Manipur. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 6(10), 2479-2488.DOI: https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.6.1025.3641

[54] Tubadji, A., Boy, F., & Webber, D. J. (2023). Narrative economics, public policy and mental health. Applied research in quality of life, 18(1), 43-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10109-0

[55] Romero-Herrera, I., Nogales, F., Diaz-Castro, J., Moreno-Fernandez, J., Gallego-Lopez, M. D. C., Ochoa, J. J., ... & Ojeda, M. L. (2023). Binge drinking leads to an oxidative and metabolic imbalance in skeletal muscle during adolescence in rats: endocrine repercussion. Journal of physiology and biochemistry, 79(4), 799-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-023-00983-z

[56] Zarghami, F., Rajabi, A., Abed-Tazehabadi, R., Charkazi, A., &Shahryari, A. (2025). Cigarette smoking and perceived risk of cardiovascular disease in Iran. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 198.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21444-w

[57] Biferale, L., Brandano, M. G., Crociata, A., & Melo, H. P. (2024). The spatial dimensions of cultural consumption: how distance influences consumption levels in a spatial setting. Journal of Cultural Economics, 48(4), 499-525.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-024-09506-0

@article{1717261,
      author = {V. Saravanabavan, C. Vinothini},
      title = {Assessment of Healthcare Performance:  Knowledge, Attitude, Behavioral Characteristics of Patients and Spatial Distribution of PHC’s in Sepahijala District, Tripura, India},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {11},
      pages = {97-108},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1717261.pdf},
      abstract = {Healthcare utilization is a critical determinant of population health, reflecting both accessibility and equity in healthcare systems. This study explores healthcare utilization patterns and socio-economic factors influencing knowledge, attitude, and behavioural access to healthcare in Sepahijala District, Tripura, a predominantly rural area. The district of Sepahijala is located in the southwest extreme in the state of Tripura, India. The study involved both primary and secondary data collection. A total of 300 respondents have been contacted by questionnaire survey method based on the stratified random sampling method in all 7 blocks of the district. The techniques used are nearest neighbor analysis to find out the spatial distribution of PHC. This polygon method shows the PHC service area for the spatial distance of the study area.The findings highlight significant healthcare access disparities based on age, gender, income, and education levels. While most respondents expressed satisfaction with services provided by primary health centres (PHCs), persistent challenges such as inadequate medication availability, long waiting times, and poor transportation infrastructure were reported.  Health access and utilization factors, socioeconomic factors, patient perception, and the surrounding environment are the primary determinants for health care in the Sepahijal district, Tripura.},
      keywords = {PHC-Patients Characteristic - Nearest Neighbor Analysis - Thiessen polygon- Automatic Linear Modeling.},
      month = {May},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I11-1717261}
  }