Performance Evaluation of Vermi-remediated Crude Oil Contaminated Soil on Compaction Characteristics when Stabilized with Cement Kiln Dust

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@article{1717773,
      author = {John E. Sani, Ibrahim K. Isah, Ishaku M. Victor, George Moses},
      title = {Performance Evaluation of Vermi-remediated Crude Oil Contaminated Soil on Compaction Characteristics when Stabilized with Cement Kiln Dust},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {11},
      pages = {1797-1805},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1717773.pdf},
      abstract = {The compaction behaviour of crude oil-contaminated Black Cotton Soil (BCS) subjected to integrated vermi-remediation and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) stabilization was investigated for potential subgrade applications. Black cotton soil was contaminated with crude oil at a rate of 75 cl per 10 kg of soil, vermi-remediated using Eisenia fetida earthworms for four weeks, and subsequently stabilized with CKD at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight. Compaction tests were conducted under three compactive efforts: British Standard Light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS), and British Standard Heavy (BSH). Vermi-remediation reduced Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) from 5200 mg/kg to 4033 mg/kg, representing a remediation efficiency of 22.44%. Compaction results revealed that Maximum Dry Density (MDD) generally increased with CKD content, rising from 1.63 to 1.70 Mg/m³ (BSL), 1.77 to 1.81 Mg/m³ (WAS), and 1.85 to 1.90 Mg/m³ (BSH). Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) exhibited an initial increase at 2% CKD followed by a progressive reduction at higher CKD content, attributed to cementitious reactions forming Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH) and Calcium Aluminate Hydrate (CAH). MDD values at 6–8% CKD met the Nigerian General Specifications (NGS, 2016) requirements for subgrade materials under both BSL and BSH compaction. The study demonstrates that integrated vermi-remediation and CKD stabilization offers a sustainable, cost-effective strategy for improving the compaction behaviour of petroleum-contaminated soils for highway subgrade use.},
      keywords = {Crude oil contamination; Vermi-remediation; Cement Kiln Dust; Compaction characteristics; Maximum dry density; Optimum moisture content; Subgrade},
      month = {May},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I11-1717773}
  }