Assessing Landscape Design Deficiencies and Their Effects on Crowd Management, Spatial Navigation, And Emergency Evacuation at Caleb University on, Lagos

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@article{1717779,
      author = {Abdulwahab Hakeem, Solarin Oladipupo Akinkoyejo, Omiwande Favour Eniayo, Olasunmbo Olajumoke Ademakinwa},
      title = {Assessing Landscape Design Deficiencies and Their Effects on Crowd Management, Spatial Navigation, And Emergency Evacuation at Caleb University on, Lagos},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {11},
      pages = {1965-1971},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1717779.pdf},
      abstract = {University campuses require well-planned landscape environments to ensure safety, functionality, and user comfort. However, deficiencies in landscape design such as poor pathway organization, inadequate signage, improper vegetation placement, and limited open space coordination can negatively affect movement patterns and safety performance. This study assesses landscape design deficiencies at Caleb University, Imota, Lagos, and examines their effect on crowd control, spatial navigation, and emergency evacuation efficiency. The research evaluates how existing outdoor spatial arrangements influence pedestrian flow, wayfinding clarity, and response during peak usage and emergency situations. Using field observations, user surveys, and spatial analysis, the study identifies critical design gaps and their implications on safety and accessibility. Findings aim to propose strategic landscape improvements that enhance circulation, reduce congestion, and support effective emergency management within the university environment.},
      keywords = {Landscape Design, Crowd Management, Wayfinding System, Emergency Evacuation, Campus Planning},
      month = {May},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I11-1717779}
  }