Formulation and Evaluation of Clindamycin Phosphate-Loaded Nanoemulgel for Enhanced Topical Delivery in The Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

References

[1] Williams, H. C., Dellavalle, R. P., & Garner, S. (2012). Acne vulgaris. The Lancet, 379(9813), 361-372.

[2] Zaenglein, A. L., Pathy, A. L., Schlosser, B. J., et al. (2016). Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 74(5), 945- 973.

[3] Beylot, C., Auffret, N., Poli, F., et al. (2014). Propionibacterium acnes: An update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 28(3), 271-278.

[4] Toyoda, M., & Morohashi, M. (2001). New aspects of acne inflammation: Topical antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. Journal of Dermatology, 28(11), 647-652.

[5] Walsh, T. R., Efthimiadi, G., & Shallcross, L. (2016). Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in acne: A systematic review. British Journal of Dermatology, 175(3), 473-485.

[6] Karamata, V. V., Shah, K. B., Gandhi, A. M., et al. (2022). Increasing resistance of Cutibacterium acnes to topical antibiotics: Global scenario. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 15, 1885-1896.

[7] Ross, J. I., Snelling, A. M., Eady, E. A., et al. (2022). Worldwide spread and evolution of resistance in Cutibacterium acnes. British Journal of Dermatology, 186(4), 642-653.

[8] Mills, O., Thier, A., & Kardos, K. (2020). Antibiotic resistance in acne: A global perspective 2020 update. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 13(10), 34-41.

[9] Garg, A., Bhandari, R., & Yadav, P. (2019). Topical antibiotics in acne vulgaris: Current perspectives. Indian Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 5(1), 3-9.

[10] Patzelt, A., Richter, H., Knorr, F., et al. (2011). Selective follicular targeting by modification of the particle sizes. Journal of Controlled Release, 150(1), 45-48.

[11] Elias, P. M. (2012). Stratum corneum defensive functions: An integrated view. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 132(9), 2136-2142.

[12] Lademann, J., Richter, H., Schanzer, S., et al. (2011). Follicular penetration and targeting. Journal of Controlled Release, 152(1), 55-62.

[13] Solans,C.,&Sole,I. (2012).Nano-emulsions:Formation, propertiesand applications. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 17(5), 246-254.

[14] Shakeel, F., Ramadan, W., Faisal, M. S., et al. (2012). Transdermal delivery of adapalene from microemulsion and nanoemulsion systems. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 33(10), 1458-1465.

[15] Talegaonkar, S., Khan, A., & Mishra, P. R. (2017). Nanoemulsion for transdermal drug delivery: A review. Current Drug Delivery, 14(5), 613-628.

[16] Jaiswal, M., Dudhe, R., & Sharma, P. K. (2015). Nanoemulsion: An advanced mode of drug delivery system. 3 Biotech, 5(2), 123-127.

[17] Sarfaraz, S., Shareef, M. A., Arshad, H. M., et al. (2021). Development and characterisation of clindamycin phosphate nanoemulgel for acne treatment. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, 40(7), 1654-1662.

[18] Patel, N., Thakkar, V., Moradiya, P., et al. (2023). Quality by Design steered development of clindamycin phosphate-loaded nanoemulgel for acne management. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 11(2), 156-169.

[19] Enshaieh, S., Jooya, A., Siadat, A. H., & Iraji, F. (2007). The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 73(1), 22-25.

[20] Warnke, P. H., Sherry, E., Russo, P. A. J., et al. (2009). Antibacterial essential oils in malodorous cancer patients. Phytomedicine, 16(2-3), 209-214.

[21] Thomsen, N. A., Hammer, K. A., & Riley, T. V. (2022). Synergy between tea tree oil and antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Cutibacterium acnes. Anaerobe, 77, 102619.

[22] Alzohairy, M. A. (2016). Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016, Article ID 7382506.

[23] Orchard, A., & van Vuuren, S. (2017). Commercial essential oils as potential antimicrobials to treat skin diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, Article ID 4517971.

[24] Hanif, M. A., Nisar, S., Khan, G. S., et al. (2019). Essential oils as potential anti-acne agents. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 31(5), 367-381.

[25] Shankar, G. N., & Vavia, P. R. (2018). Development of a novel nanoemulgel containing adapalene using Quality by Design approach. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 45, 167-178.

[26] Kumar, R., Singh, A., Garg, N., et al. (2022). Clindamycin phosphate-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier gel: Formulation, characterisation and ex-vivo skin permeation study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 52(3), 345-358.

[27] Algahtani, M. S., Ahmad, M. Z., Ahmad, J., et al. (2024). Nanoemulgel for improved topical delivery of clindamycin phosphate: Formulation, optimisation and skin irritation study. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 91, 105212.

[28] Sharma, M., Sharma, R., & Jain, D. K. (2023). Clinical evaluation of tea tree oil- clindamycin nanoemulgel versus clindamycin-benzoyl peroxide combination in moderate acne vulgaris. Clinical Dermatology Review, 7(1), 34-41.

[29] Ramakrishna, S., & Rao, P. R. (2017). Preparation, characterisation and in vitro evaluation of nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery of clindamycin phosphate. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(12), 2365-2372.

[30] Saino, V., Monti, D., & Burgalassi, S. (2015). Nanoemulsions as vehicles for topical administration of clindamycin: Formulation and physicochemical characterisation. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 30(Part A), 155-162.

@article{1717828,
      author = {Ashutosh Tripathi, Dr. Amresh Gupta, Hakim Singh Rajput, Arun Kumar, Ashish Verma},
      title = {Formulation and Evaluation of Clindamycin Phosphate-Loaded Nanoemulgel for Enhanced Topical Delivery in The Treatment of Acne Vulgaris},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {11},
      pages = {1361-1367},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1717828.pdf},
      abstract = {Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit affecting approximately 85% of adolescents and young adults worldwide. Topical clindamycin phosphate remains a first-line treatment for inflammatory acne; however, its clinical utility is significantly compromised by poor follicular penetration due to the drug's hydrophilic nature (log P ≈ -0.8) and the formidable lipophilic barrier of the stratum corneum. This review critically examines the development of nanoemulgel formulations as an advanced topical delivery system for clindamycin phosphate, with particular emphasis on the strategic incorporation of tea tree oil as a functional oil phase possessing intrinsic anti-Cutibacterium acnes activity. The nanoemulgel hybrid system combines the enhanced penetration capabilities of nanoemulsions (droplet size 20- 200 nm) with the rheological and aesthetic benefits of hydrogels. Key mechanisms of enhanced delivery include transfollicular targeting, surfactant-mediated lipid bilayer disruption, and penetration enhancement by natural oil constituents. The synergistic potential between clindamycin and tea tree oil components, with fractional inhibitory concentration indices of 0.3- 0.5, permits dose reduction of the antibiotic by 60-80% while maintaining antimicrobial efficacy. This review synthesizes current literature on formulation strategies, characterization techniques, stability studies, and clinical evidence, while identifying critical research gaps and future prospects for this green nanotechnology-enabled approach to acne therapy.},
      keywords = {Acne Vulgaris, Clindamycin Phosphate, Nanoemulgel, Tea Tree Oil, Cutibacterium Acnes, Follicular Targeting, Antibiotic Resistance, Topical Delivery},
      month = {May},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I11-1717828}
  }