Production of Biodiesel from Pig and D (African Native Pear) Oil with Cow Bone Ash as The Heterogeneous Catalysts

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@article{1718212,
      author = {Ogbuefi Chinwendu Mabel, Joseph Okechukwu Ezeugo, Ibiam Prince Amauche},
      title = {Production of Biodiesel from Pig and D (African Native Pear) Oil with Cow Bone Ash as The Heterogeneous Catalysts},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {11},
      pages = {4320-4365},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1718212.pdf},
      abstract = {The present study was performed to optimize biodiesel yield of Lard oil and African pear oil using a heterogeneous calcium methoxide (Ca (OCH3)2) from cow bone calcinated at 9000C as a catalyst for transesterification process in the biodiesel production from African pear flesh oil and Lard oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 5-level-4-factor central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion. The pig fat collected from quarter slaughter house was rendered by heating over a heating mantle at a temperature of 1100C for 30 minutes to a liquid fat and was filtered to remove the residues from bones meat and fats that could not dissolve in the process of rendering. The African pear sample collected was softened with warm water and the potter separated from the flesh and oven-dried. The pear oil was then extracted from the dried pear potter by soxhlet method of extraction from 1,200g of the grinded pear potter using n-hexane as solvent. The solvent was removed by using rotary-evaporator under vacuum to get the pear oil. A quadratic model with an analysis of variance obtained from the RSM is suggested for the prediction of FAME conversion. A yield of 95.02wt% and 90.01% biodiesel was obtained for Lard and African pear flesh oil respectively at the optimized conditions after validation of the RSM model. The optimum conditions obtained from the RSM were 2.5wt% of catalyst concentration, 10:1methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 135 min of reaction time. Fuel properties were analyzed as per ASTM methods. Under these conditions, the properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied the standard requirement from the optimization result, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also analyzed. The positive values of Ea, ∆H indicate that this process is endothermic. The results are encouraging for the application of Ca (OCH3)2   from cow bone for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production.},
      keywords = {Production of Biodiesel, Pig Fat Oil, African Native Pear Oil, Cow Bone Ash, Catalysts},
      month = {May},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I11-1718212}
  }