Occurrence, Distribution, And Ecological Risk of Pesticide Residues in Surface Water and Sediments of the Orashi River, Niger Delta, Nigeria

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@article{1718562,
      author = {Ezebuiro, Obinna Innocent, Marcus, Abiye Clement},
      title = {Occurrence, Distribution, And Ecological Risk of Pesticide Residues in Surface Water and Sediments of the Orashi River, Niger Delta, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {11},
      pages = {5655-5662},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1718562.pdf},
      abstract = {Farming practices along riverine areas are one of the significant sources of pesticide pollution of the water-bodies in the developing nations. The study was therefore aimed at assessing the incidence, spatial distribution and ecological hazard of pesticide residues in surface water and sediment of five stations along the Orashi River of Niger Delta in Nigeria. Extraction of the sample was done using the liquid - liquid and ultrasonic methods and analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Eighteen pesticide residues were found in surface water (organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, carbamates, a fungicide, and an insecticide), and total concentration of the pesticide was between 0.463 ± 0.032 and 67.045 ± 0.143 µg/L. Dichlorvos recorded the highest individual concentration (21.873 ± 0.067 µg/L). Sediments had 16 residues, ranging in total amounts between 1.422 ± 0.284 and 4.053± 0.877 mg/kg, and the highest concentration was found in p,p-DDE (2.233 ± 0.035 mg/kg), which revealed historic DDT use. Some of the pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, heptachlor and carbaryl surpassed the international guidelines. Aldrin (RQ = 382.3), dieldrin (RQ = 185.0) and carbaryl (RQ = 4.87) were highly problematic contaminants judging from risk quotient analysis. The concentrations of the pesticides were significantly higher in sediments compared to surface water, which underscores them as long-term pollutant storage. The prevalence of the past and present-day pesticides, is an indicator of nonstop anthropogenic contributions and may have ecological and human health hazards. The ecosystem of the Orashi River and the communities that rely on it are in severe need for protection through regular monitoring and enforcement of the regulations as well as introducing sustainable agricultural methods.},
      keywords = {Pesticide, Residues, Surface Water, Sediment, Ecological Risk},
      month = {May},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I11-1718562}
  }