Contribution of Audio, Visual, and Audio-Visual Instructional Materials to Learning of Numeracy Skills Among Pre-Primary Children, in Kilosa District-Morogoro Region, Tanzania

@article{1718661,
      author = {Richard Michael Chiligati, Prof. Akundaeli S Mbise},
      title = {Contribution of Audio, Visual, and Audio-Visual Instructional Materials to Learning of Numeracy Skills Among Pre-Primary Children, in Kilosa District-Morogoro Region, Tanzania},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {12},
      pages = {3757-3766},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1718661.pdf},
      abstract = {Early numeracy skills are fundamental for children’s future academic achievement and cognitive development. In pre-primary education, instructional materials play a significant role in helping children understand mathematical concepts through concrete, interactive, and sensory learning experiences. This paper examined the contribution of audio, visual, and audio-visual instructional materials to learning numeracy skills among pre-primary children in Kilosa District-Morogoro Region, Tanzania. The paper specifically explored how these instructional materials support counting, number recognition, problem-solving, children engagement, and conceptual understanding. Guided by Sociocultural Theory, the study adopted a qualitative approach through review of empirical literature and classroom-based evidence from global, African, East African, and Tanzanian contexts. Findings indicate that audio instructional materials such as songs, rhymes, and storytelling improve counting fluency, listening skills, and memory retention. Visual instructional materials including flashcards, charts, puzzles, manipulatives, and real objects enhance number recognition, conceptual understanding, and problem-solving abilities. Audio-visual instructional materials such as animated videos, educational television, and digital games significantly increase learner engagement, participation, and retention of mathematical concepts. Recent studies show that animated arithmetic media and interactive multimedia technologies positively influence preschool children’s early numeracy achievement. Despite these benefits, challenges such as inadequate resources, overcrowded classrooms, insufficient teacher training, and limited technological infrastructure continue to hinder effective utilization of instructional materials. The paper concludes that effective integration of audio, visual, and audio-visual instructional materials strengthens early numeracy development and promotes learner-centered teaching in pre-primary classrooms.},
      keywords = {Audio Materials, Visual Materials, Audio-Visual Materials, Instructional Materials, Early Numeracy, Pre-Primary Education, Numeracy Skills.},
      month = {June},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1718661}
  }