Effect of Water Handling Practices On the Health Outcomes of Rural Households in Bauchi State, Nigeria

References

[1] Afolabi, O. T., & Ilesanmi, O. S. (2012). Household size and health-related resource utilization in rural Nigeria. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 4(1), 1–7.

[2] Aikowe, J. O., & Mazancová, J. (2021). Barriers to water access in rural communities: Examining factors influencing water source choice in Kogi State, Nigeria. Water, 13(19), 2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192755

[3] Aliyu, A. S., Bello, B. A., Umar, N. Y., & Yakasai, M. Y. (2019). An epidemiological study to assess water, sanitation and hygiene practices among rural communities of Gulu, Kano, Nigeria. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJPH.2013.07.01.Art021

[4] Aluko, O. O., Oloruntoba, E. O., Ana, G. R. E., Afolabi, O. T., & Okon, A. J. (2022). The dynamics of household water security and treatment practices: A population-based, cross-sectional study in Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(1), Article 138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10682-9

[5] Atalay, M., Gebremariam, B., & Tesfaye, G. (2024). Household water treatment and safe storage practices in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Environmental Health Research.

[6] Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The Health Belief Model. In Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

[7] Clasen, T., Roberts, I., Rabie, T., Schmidt, W., & Cairncross, S. (2006). Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3).

[8] Clasen, T., Schmidt, W., Rabie, T., Roberts, I., & Cairncross, S. (2007). Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 334(7597), 782.

[9] Crow, B., & Sultana, F. (2002). Gender, class, and access to water: Three cases in a poor and crowded delta. Society & Natural Resources, 15(8), 709–724.

[10] Esrey, S. A., Potash, J. B., Roberts, L., & Shiff, C. (1991). Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea and other diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 69(5), 609–621.

[11] Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R. B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L., & Colford, J. M. (2005). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5(1), 42–52.

[12] Gundry, S., Wright, J., & Conroy, R. (2004). A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household drinking water contamination. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 9(1), 106–117.

[13] Howard, G., & Bartram, J. (2003). Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

[14] Jensen, P. K., Ensink, J. H. J., Jayasinghe, G., Van Der Hoek, W., Cairncross, S., & Dalsgaard, A. (2002). Domestic transmission routes of pathogens: The problem of in-house contamination of drinking water during storage in developing countries. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 7(7), 604–609.

[15] Mintz, E. D., Reiff, F. M., & Tauxe, R. V. (1995). Safe water treatment and storage in the home. JAMA, 273(12), 948–953.

[16] Mohamed, A. S., et al. (2025). Household water safety practices and associated health risks. BMC Public Health.

[17] Okesanya, O. J., et al. (2024). Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and health outcomes in Nigeria. Tropical Medicine and Health.

[18] Okoh, E. O., Miner, C. A., Ode, G. N., & Zoakah, A. I. (2021). Assessment of household management practices of drinking water in two selected rural communities of Plateau State, Nigeria. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, 33(2), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.4314/jcmphc.v33i2.3

[19] Olawade, D. B., Wada, O. Z., Asogbon, O., Owojori, G. O., & Adebayo, I. (2021). Assessment of household water quality from selected storage vessels used in a South-Western rural community, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 15(2), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEE/2021/v15i230224

[20] Oloruntoba, E. O., Folarin, T. B., & Ayede, A. I. (2014). Hygiene and sanitation risk factors of diarrhoeal disease among under-five children in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 14(4), 1001–1011.

[21] Prüss-Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., et al. (2014). Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(8), 894–905.

[22] Roberts, L., Chartier, Y., Chartier, O., Malenga, G., Toole, M., & Rodka, H. (2001). Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp. Public Health Reports, 116(4), 353–359.

[23] Saxena, G., et al. (2024). Microbial contamination of household drinking water: A global perspective. Journal of Water and Health Sobsey, M. D. (2002). Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.

[24] Sobsey, M. D., Stauber, C. E., Casanova, L. M., Brown, J. M., & Elliott, M. A. (2008). Point-of-use household drinking water filtration. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(12), 4261–4267.

[25] Sorenson, S. B., Morssink, C., & Campos, P. A. (2011). Safe access to safe water in low-income countries: Water fetching in current times. Social Science & Medicine, 72(9), 1522–1526.

[26] Sule, I. D., Momale, S. B., & Badamasi, M. M. (2022). Accessibility and utilization of water from improved sources amongst the rural communities of Northern Bauchi State, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 6(1), 194–205.

[27] Trevett, A. F., Carter, R. C., & Tyrrel, S. F. (2005). Water quality deterioration during household storage. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(4), 273–283.

[28] United Nations. (2023). Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation.

[29] Wada, O. Z., Olawade, D. B., Asogbon, O., Makinde, F. T., & Adebayo, I. (2021). Evaluation of household water, sanitation and hygiene management in a Nigerian rural community. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 42(5), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2021/v42i530455

[30] World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (4th ed.). Geneva: WHO.

[31] World Health Organization. (2023). Drinking-Water Fact Sheet. Geneva: WHO.

[32] World Health Organization (WHO). (2024). Global water, sanitation and hygiene report.

[33] Wright, J., Gundry, S., & Conroy, R. (2004). Household drinking water in developing countries: A systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 9(1), 106–117.

@article{1718769,
      author = {Faruk Aliyu},
      title = {Effect of Water Handling Practices On the Health Outcomes of Rural Households in Bauchi State, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {12},
      pages = {1172-1181},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1718769.pdf},
      abstract = {The purpose of this study is to assess household’s water handling in relations to their consequences on health indicators of rural dwellers in some communities of Bauchi state Nigeria. This study is motivated by the increasing report of diseases that are caused by water contamination in rural areas across the region. And the need to improve in the provision of hygienic water. This study adopts cross sectional survey design. The data was collected from 118 heads of households in the area by using a structured questionnaire. The method used for data collection includes percentages, and cross- tabulation analysis. Findings from the analyzed data indicated that 59.3% used open containers, and 61.9% used one container such as a cup for drinking water in the entire household. Also, about 62.7% of the households had reported a case of sickness that is related to waterborne in the last 12 months. The study therefore concludes that the current water handling practices in the areas has negative health implication on the people in rural communities across Bauchi State Nigeria. Therefore, in order to improve living condition in rural areas, health education with emphasis on handling practices should be advocated. In addition, separate water drinking containers should be maintained in the households.},
      keywords = {Health Outcomes, Water Handling, Rural, Household, Bauchi State},
      month = {June},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1718769}
  }