Wound Healing Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Vitex Negundo Linn. Leaves in Albino Wistar Rats: An Experimental Pharmacological Investigation

References

[1] Singer AJ, Clark RAF. Cutaneous wound healing. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):738–746. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199909023411006

[2] Sen CK, Gordillo GM, Roy S, et al. Human skin wounds: a major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. Wound Repair Regen. 2009;17(6):763–771. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00543.x

[3] Guo S, DiPietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res. 2010;89(3):219–229. DOI: 10.1177/0022034509359125

[4] Mukherjee PK, Verpoorte R, Suresh B. Evaluation of in-vivo wound healing activity of Hypericum patulum leaf extract on different wound models in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;70(3):315–321. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00168-6

[5] Maurya A, Pal S, Mishra P, et al. An overview of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo): a traditional Ayurvedic herb for pain relief and healing. Int J Ayurvedic Med. 2024;15(S1):135–140. DOI: 10.47552/ijam.v15iS1.4217

[6] Baghel S, Rathi S, Shukla U, Waskel S. A comprehensive exploration of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo Linn.). World J Pharm Res. 2023;12(21):1–18. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr202321-29416

[7] Alfarabi M, Turhadi T, Suryowati T, et al. Antioxidant activity and metabolite profiles of leaves and stem extracts of Vitex negundo. Biodiversitas. 2022;23(5):2664–2667. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230550

[8] Bhatt N, Wahi AK. Phyto-pharmacological and biological aspects of Vitex negundo — a review. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;33(28):1–12. DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2021/v33i2831332

[9] Nair VD, Pannirselvam S, Gopi R, Gopalakrishnan VK. Wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and agnuside-enriched fraction of Vitex negundo leaves in Wistar albino rats. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2021;15(2):31–39. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP2020.5164

[10] Singh Y, Mishra P, Kannojia P. Morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Vitex negundo: an overview. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2020;10(3-s):280–285. DOI: 10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4173

[11] Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy. 39th ed. Pune: Nirali Prakashan; 2005. ISBN: 978-81-85790-47-3

[12] Cooper JW, Gunn C. Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. 12th ed. London: Pitman Medical; 1975.

[13] Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1998. ISBN: 978-0-412-57260-9

[14] Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. London: WB Saunders/Elsevier; 2002. ISBN: 978-0-7020-2638-9

[15] Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Indian Pharmacopoeia. 8th ed. Vols I–IV. Ghaziabad: IPC; 2022.

[16] OECD. Test No. 423: Acute Oral Toxicity — Acute Toxic Class Method. Paris: OECD; 2001. DOI: 10.1787/9789264071001-en

[17] CPCSEA. Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Facility. New Delhi: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India; 2018.

[18] Morton JJ, Malone MH. Evaluation of vulnerary activity by an open wound procedure in rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1972;196(1):117–126. PMID: 4672434

[19] Ehrlich HP, Hunt TK. Effects of cortisone and vitamin A on wound healing. Ann Surg. 1968;167(3):324–328. PMID: 5637321

[20] Lee KH. Studies on the mechanism of action of salicylate. J Pharm Sci. 1968;57(8):1238–1244. DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600570724

[21] Woessner JF Jr. The determination of hydroxyproline in tissue and protein samples containing small proportions of this amino acid. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1961;93(2):440–447. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(61)90291-0

[22] Elson LA, Morgan WTJ. A colorimetric method for the determination of glucosamine and chondrosamine. Biochem J. 1933;27(6):1824–1828. DOI: 10.1042/bj0271824

[23] Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193(1):265–275. PMID: 14907713

[24] Prophet EB, Mills B, Arrington JB, Sobin LH. Laboratory Methods in Histotechnology. Washington DC: AFIP/ARP; 1992. ISBN: 978-1-881041-00-5

[25] GraphPad Software. GraphPad Prism Version 9.0. San Diego, CA: GraphPad Software, Inc.; 2021.

[26] Sehgal R, Bhattacharyya R. Pharmacological evaluation of wound healing activity of Vitex negundo in albino rats. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2013;20(1):127–133. ISSN: 0976-044X

[27] Mukherjee PK, Chandrasekar N, Priya S, Venkatesan M, Gopal V. Wound healing potential of Vitex negundo Linn. in experimental animals. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(12):190–197. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.99948

[28] Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JRAC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(2–3):199–206. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00159-4

[29] Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM. Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(3):514–525. DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700701

[30] Kulkarni RR, Virkar AD, Priscilla D. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Vitex negundo. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(6):838–840. DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.49131

@article{1718801,
      author = {Sarita Prajapati, Prashant Kumar Singh},
      title = {Wound Healing Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Vitex Negundo Linn. Leaves in Albino Wistar Rats: An Experimental Pharmacological Investigation},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {12},
      pages = {961-969},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1718801.pdf},
      abstract = {Background and Objective: Wound management remains a formidable clinical challenge worldwide, particularly in resource-limited settings where antibiotic resistance and high treatment costs necessitate efficacious plant-derived alternatives. Vitex negundo Linn. (Family: Lamiaceae), celebrated in Ayurvedic tradition as Nirgundi, has been empirically deployed for wound management across Asia for millennia. The present study aimed to furnish systematic pharmacological validation of the wound healing activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of V. negundo (EEVN) using two established preclinical models in Albino Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: EEVN was prepared by Soxhlet extraction (95% ethanol) and formulated as 2% and 4% w/w ointments. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 6): Group I (vehicle control), Group II (EEVN 2%), Group III (EEVN 4%), and Group IV (Soframycin standard). Wound healing was assessed in excision (500 mm² dorsal wound) and incision (6 cm paravertebral incision) wound models, measuring percentage wound contraction, epithelialization period, and breaking tensile strength. Regenerated wound tissue was subjected to biochemical estimation (hydroxyproline, hexosamine, total protein) and histopathological examination (H&E and Masson trichrome staining). Results: EEVN 4% w/w ointment produced statistically significant (p < 0.001) wound contraction (93.2 ± 1.6% vs. 75.8 ± 2.1% control on day 15), shortened epithelialization to 12.1 ± 0.4 days (vs. 16.8 ± 0.6 days control), and elevated tensile strength to 362.5 ± 9.7 g (vs. 212.4 ± 8.3 g control; p < 0.001). Biochemical analysis revealed 111.4% and 92.6% increases in hydroxyproline and hexosamine content respectively. Histopathological examination confirmed complete re-epithelialization, dense organised collagen deposition, and minimal inflammatory infiltration. EEVN 4% was statistically equivalent to the Soframycin standard (p > 0.05) across all parameters. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of V. negundo leaves exhibits robust, dose-dependent wound healing activity attributable to its synergistic anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-collagenic phytoconstituents, endorsing its potential as a safe, efficacious topical wound healing agent.},
      keywords = {Vitex Negundo, Nirgundi, Wound Healing, Ethanolic Extract, Excision Wound Model, Incision Wound Model, Hydroxyproline, Collagen, Wistar Rat, Soframycin.},
      month = {June},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1718801}
  }