Current Volume 10
Bharat E-Vote: A Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System with Commitment-Based Privacy and Multi-Layered Security
Abstract
Traditional electronic voting systems rely on cen-tralized trust, lack independent verifiability, and offer limited ballot privacy. This paper presents Bharat E-Vote, a decen-tralized electronic voting platform built on Ethereum smart contracts with a hash-based commitment scheme for vote pri-vacy and a seven-layer defense-in-depth security architecture. Votes are recorded as immutable blockchain state transitions. A commitment scheme based on finite-field arithmetic hides voter choices, while a simplified proof-of-knowledge protocol provides a structural framework for on-chain verification (with limitations discussed in Section IV-B). The security architecture combines bot protection with rate limiting, OTP-based multi-factor authentication with httpOnly cookie-based JWT transport, keystroke dynamics anomaly detection, smart contract role-based access control, HTTP parameter pollution prevention, and HTTP security header enforcement. An ERC-2771 meta-transaction forwarder [12] enables gasless voting. The system was validated through 49 automated smart contract tests and 9 backend API integration tests (100% pass rate across 58 total tests). Performance benchmarks show vote inclusion in blocks within 12–18 seconds on Ethereum Sepolia testnet (with probabilistic finality at approximately 12 minutes), and API response times below 150ms. We present an honest assessment of the system’s limitations, including the proof-of-concept nature of the privacy module and the trust assumptions inherent in the architecture.
Keywords
Blockchain, Ethereum, Smart Contracts, Com-mitment Schemes, Multi-Factor Authentication, Keystroke Dy-namics, ERC-2771, Defense-in-Depth, Electronic Voting
Citations
IRE Journals:
Abhishek Shinde, Aditya Bhoir, Omkar Ingle, Aftab Pathan, Aryan Shinde; Dr. B. D. Phulpagar "Bharat E-Vote: A Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System with Commitment-Based Privacy and Multi-Layered Security" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 9 Issue 12 2026 Page 2836-2843 https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1719207
IEEE:
Abhishek Shinde, Aditya Bhoir, Omkar Ingle, Aftab Pathan, Aryan Shinde; Dr. B. D. Phulpagar
"Bharat E-Vote: A Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System with Commitment-Based Privacy and Multi-Layered Security" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 9(12) https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1719207
About IRE Journals
IRE Journals is an open access online journals established with an aim to publish high quality of research work in various diciplines. We have more than 6 years in publications. Over 2500+ papers already published.
Important Links
For Authors
Volume 9:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 8:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 7:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 6:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 5:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 4:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 3:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12