Metal Characterization and Risk Assessment for Cu and Pb in Surface Sediments of Sungai Puloh Mangrove, Malaysia

References

[1] E. G. Koka, C. A. Masao, S. M. Limbu, C. J. Kilawe, J. Norbert, N. M. Pauline, J. Perfect, and E. B. Mabhuye, “A systematic review on distribution, sources and impacts of heavy metals in mangrove ecosystems,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 213, Art. no. 117666, 2025.

[2] P. Kumar, R. Singh, A. Sharma, et al., “An eco-sustainable approach towards heavy metals remediation by mangroves from the coastal environment: A critical review,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 188, Art. no. 114569, 2023.

[3] M. O. Aljahdali and A. B. Alhassan, “Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in mangrove habitats, using biochemical markers and pollution indices: A case study of Avicennia marina L. in the Rabigh Lagoon, Red Sea,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1174–1184, 2020.

[4] A. Ahmed, et al., “Heavy metal contamination in aquatic sediments and associated ecological risks,” 2024.

[5] M. J. Donaldson, N. J. C. Doriean, and W. W. Bennett, “Methods for investigating trace metal speciation and partitioning in mangrove sediments: A systematic quantitative literature review,” Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol. 26, pp. 1–24, 2026.

[6] A. Tessier, P. G. C. Campbell, and M. Bisson, “Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 844–851, 1979.

[7] A. Ismail, “Heavy metal concentrations in sediments off Bintulu, Malaysia,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 26, pp. 706–707, 1993.

[8] A. Ismail and R. Rosniza, “Trace metals in sediments and molluscs from an estuary receiving pig farms effluent,” Environmental Technology, vol. 18, pp. 509–515, 1997.

[9] C. Yap, A. Ismail, S. Tan, and H. Omar, “Concentrations of Cu and Pb in the offshore and intertidal sediments of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia,” Environment International, vol. 28, pp. 467–479, 2002.

[10] M. Badri and S. Aston, “Observations on heavy metal geochemical associations in polluted and non-polluted estuarine sediments,” Environmental Pollution (Series B), vol. 6, pp. 181–193, 1983.

[11] A. Tessier and P. Campbell, “Partitioning of trace metals in sediments: Relationships with bioavailability,” Hydrobiologia, vol. 149, pp. 43–52, 1987.

[12] B. Pérez-Cid, I. Lavilla, and C. Bendicho, “Analytical assessment of two sequential extraction schemes for metal partitioning in sewage sludges,” Analyst, vol. 121, pp. 1479–1484, 1996.

[13] A. Ikem, N. O. Egiebor, and K. Nyavor, “Trace elements in water, fish and sediment from Tuskegee Lake, southeastern USA,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 149, pp. 51–75, 2003.

[14] E. O. McLean, “Soil pH and Lime Requirement,” in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed., A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney, Eds. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 1982, pp. 199–224.

[15] D. W. Nelson and L. E. Sommers, “Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter,” in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods, D. L. Sparks, Ed. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 1996, pp. 961–1010.

[16] M. Badri and S. Aston, “Observations on heavy metal geochemical associations in polluted and non-polluted estuarine sediments,” Environmental Pollution (Series B), vol. 6, pp. 181–193, 1983.

[17] A. Ikem, N. O. Egiebor, and K. Nyavor, “Trace elements in water, fish and sediment from Tuskegee Lake, southeastern USA,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 149, pp. 51–75, 2003.

[18] A. Naji, A. Ismail, and A. R. Ismail, “Chemical speciation and contamination assessment of Zn and Cd by sequential extraction in surface sediment of Klang coastal waters, Malaysia,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 285–292, 2010.

[19] Y. Qiao, Y. Yang, J. Gu, and J. Zhao, “Distribution and geochemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments from coastal area suffered rapid urbanization: A case study of Shantou Bay, China,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 68, pp. 140–146, 2013.

[20] O. I. Davutluoglu, G. Seckin, D. G. Kalat, et al., “Speciation and implications of heavy metal content in surface sediments of Akyatan Lagoon, Turkey,” Desalination, vol. 260, pp. 199–210, 2010.

[21] B. Y. Kamaruzzaman, M. C. Ong, B. Akbar John, K. C. Rina, and A. G. Jalal, “Heavy metal accumulation in mangrove sediments of Peninsular Malaysia,” Sains Malaysiana, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 311–318, 2011.

[22] S. P. McGrath, F. J. Zhao, and E. Lombi, “Land application of sewage sludge: scientific perspectives of heavy metal loading limits in Europe and the United States”. Environ Rev 2 : 108-118 1994

[23] J. Veselý and V. Majer, “The effect of pH and atmospheric deposition on concentrations of trace elements in acidified freshwaters: A statistical approach” Water Air Soil Poll 88 : 227-246. 1996

[24] U. Förstner, “Contaminated Sediments,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Inland Waters and Lake Restoration, Portland, ME, USA, 1979.

[25] B. A. Schumacher, Methods for the Determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in Soils and Sediments. Las Vegas, NV, USA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Environmental Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 2002.

[26] C. G. Yuan, J. B. Shi, B. He, J. Liu, B. Liang, and G. Jiang, “Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with sequential extraction,” Environment International, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 769–783, 2004.

[27] O. I. Davutluoglu, G. Seckin, D. G. Kalat, G. Yilmaz, and B. Ersu, “Speciation and implications of heavy metal content in surface sediments of Akyatan Lagoon, Turkey,” Desalination, vol. 260, nos. 1–3, pp. 199–210, 2010.

[28] A. Ismail, M. Badri, and M. N. Ramlan, “The background levels of heavy metal concentration in sediments of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 134, pp. 315–323, 1993.

[29] A. Ismail, “Heavy metal concentrations in sediments off Bintulu, Malaysia,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 26, pp. 706–707, 1993.

[30] A. Ismail and M. Asmah, “Heavy metal concentrations in sediments of Seberang Perai coastal waters, Penang, Malaysia,” Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 95–102, 1999.

[31] N. F. Y. Tam and Y. S. Wong, “Spatial variation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hong Kong mangrove swamps,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 195–205, 2000.

[32] G. R. MacFarlane, M. D. Burchett, and A. Pulkownik, “Zinc, copper and lead distribution and accumulation in the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 123, pp. 139–151, 2003.

[33] C. K. Yap, A. Ismail, S. G. Tan, and H. Omar, “Concentrations of Cu and Pb in the offshore and intertidal sediments of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia,” Environment International, vol. 28, pp. 467–479, 2002.

[34] C. G. Yuan, J. B. Shi, B. He, J. Liu, B. Liang, and G. Jiang, “Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with sequential extraction,” Environment International, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 769–783, 2004.

[35] S. Bayen, O. Wurl, S. Karuppiah, T. Y. Sivasothi, and J. P. Obbard, “Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in mangrove sediments from Singapore,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 50, pp. 1732–1738, 2005.

[36] B. Amin, A. Ismail, C. K. Yap, and S. G. Tan, “Distribution and speciation of Zn and Pb in coastal sediments of Dumai, Sumatra, Indonesia,” Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 609–623, 2008.

[37] J. A. B. Neto, F. X. Gingele, T. Leipe, and I. Brehme, “Spatial distribution of heavy metals in surficial sediments from Guanabara Bay: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,” Environmental Geology, vol. 49, pp. 1051–1063, 2006.

[38] C. W. Chen, C. F. Kao, C. F. Chen, and C. D. Dong, “Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan,” Chemosphere, vol. 66, pp. 1431–1440, 2007.

[39] S. Z. Zulkifli, F. Mohamat-Yusuff, T. Arai, A. Ismail, and N. Miyazaki, “An assessment of selected trace elements in intertidal surface sediments collected from the Peninsular Malaysia,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 169, pp. 457–472, 2010.

[40] C. K. Yap and C. H. Pang, “Assessment of Cu, Pb and Zn contamination in intertidal sediments of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia,” World Applied Sciences Journal, vol. 12, pp. 123–132, 2011.

[41] O. I. Davutluoglu, G. Seckin, D. G. Kalat, G. Yilmaz, and B. Ersu, “Speciation and implications of heavy metal content in surface sediments of Akyatan Lagoon, Turkey,” Desalination, vol. 260, pp. 199–210, 2010.

[42] G. F. El-Said and M. A. Youssef, “Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the northern Red Sea, Egypt,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 184, pp. 4575–4590, 2012.

[43] Y. Qiao, Y. Yang, J. Gu, and J. Zhao, “Distribution and geochemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments from coastal area suffered rapid urbanization: A case study of Shantou Bay, China,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 68, pp. 140–146, 2013.

@article{1719357,
      author = {Bede Udechukwu, Ogochukwu Chiamah, Ahmad Ismail},
      title = {Metal Characterization and Risk Assessment for Cu and Pb in Surface Sediments of Sungai Puloh Mangrove, Malaysia},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {12},
      pages = {3520-3529},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1719357.pdf},
      abstract = {The speciation profile of Cu, and Pb, as well as the total organic carbon (TOC) and pH were determined in 42 surface sediment samples from Sungai Puloh intertidal mangrove ecosystem The four stage sequential extraction technique (SET) (exchangeable, acid–reducible, oxidizable-organics, and residual fractions) was employed to investigate the heavy metals distribution pattern among phases. The concentrations of Cu and Pb in the samples were determined using an air-acetylene flame atomic absorption Spectrophotometer and presented in μg/g dry weight basis. The Risk Assessment Criteria Code (RAC) was applied to estimate the metals bioavailability and implication to food chain. The result revealed that the total mean metal concentrations for Cu and Pb were (52.70±45.16 and 77.18±38.46) µg/g, respectively. Chemical speciation of Cu (87.76% on average) existed in the residual fraction. The non-residual fraction of Pb (43.91%) showed Pb is at the borderline for remobilization. Based on the RAC, Cu poses no risk, while Pb poses low risk for the possibility to enter into the food chain. The relationship obtained for TOC, pH, and non-resistant fractions indicated that TOC has more significant effect on the distribution of elements among phases than pH. Further research is encouraged to clearly understand the effect of organic carbon in Pb remobilization and its resultant availability in the food chain of mangrove ecosystem.},
      keywords = {Bioavailability, Metal Speciation, Risk Assessment, Sungai Puloh, TOC},
      month = {June},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1719357}
  }