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Metal Characterization and Risk Assessment for Cu and Pb in Surface Sediments of Sungai Puloh Mangrove, Malaysia
Subject area: Biological & Medical Sciences · Area of research: Biology
DOI: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1719357
Abstract
The speciation profile of Cu, and Pb, as well as the total organic carbon (TOC) and pH were determined in 42 surface sediment samples from Sungai Puloh intertidal mangrove ecosystem The four stage sequential extraction technique (SET) (exchangeable, acid–reducible, oxidizable-organics, and residual fractions) was employed to investigate the heavy metals distribution pattern among phases. The concentrations of Cu and Pb in the samples were determined using an air-acetylene flame atomic absorption Spectrophotometer and presented in μg/g dry weight basis. The Risk Assessment Criteria Code (RAC) was applied to estimate the metals bioavailability and implication to food chain. The result revealed that the total mean metal concentrations for Cu and Pb were (52.70±45.16 and 77.18±38.46) µg/g, respectively. Chemical speciation of Cu (87.76% on average) existed in the residual fraction. The non-residual fraction of Pb (43.91%) showed Pb is at the borderline for remobilization. Based on the RAC, Cu poses no risk, while Pb poses low risk for the possibility to enter into the food chain. The relationship obtained for TOC, pH, and non-resistant fractions indicated that TOC has more significant effect on the distribution of elements among phases than pH. Further research is encouraged to clearly understand the effect of organic carbon in Pb remobilization and its resultant availability in the food chain of mangrove ecosystem.
Keywords
Bioavailability, Metal Speciation, Risk Assessment, Sungai Puloh, TOC
How to cite this paper
@article{1719357,
author = {Bede Udechukwu, Ogochukwu Chiamah, Ahmad Ismail},
title = {Metal Characterization and Risk Assessment for Cu and Pb in Surface Sediments of Sungai Puloh Mangrove, Malaysia},
journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
year = {2026},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {3520-3529},
issn = {2456-8880},
url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1719357.pdf},
abstract = {The speciation profile of Cu, and Pb, as well as the total organic carbon (TOC) and pH were determined in 42 surface sediment samples from Sungai Puloh intertidal mangrove ecosystem The four stage sequential extraction technique (SET) (exchangeable, acid–reducible, oxidizable-organics, and residual fractions) was employed to investigate the heavy metals distribution pattern among phases. The concentrations of Cu and Pb in the samples were determined using an air-acetylene flame atomic absorption Spectrophotometer and presented in μg/g dry weight basis. The Risk Assessment Criteria Code (RAC) was applied to estimate the metals bioavailability and implication to food chain. The result revealed that the total mean metal concentrations for Cu and Pb were (52.70±45.16 and 77.18±38.46) µg/g, respectively. Chemical speciation of Cu (87.76% on average) existed in the residual fraction. The non-residual fraction of Pb (43.91%) showed Pb is at the borderline for remobilization. Based on the RAC, Cu poses no risk, while Pb poses low risk for the possibility to enter into the food chain. The relationship obtained for TOC, pH, and non-resistant fractions indicated that TOC has more significant effect on the distribution of elements among phases than pH. Further research is encouraged to clearly understand the effect of organic carbon in Pb remobilization and its resultant availability in the food chain of mangrove ecosystem.},
keywords = {Bioavailability, Metal Speciation, Risk Assessment, Sungai Puloh, TOC},
month = {June},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1719357}
}