Stabilisation of Vermi-Remediated Crude Oil-Contaminated Lateritic Soil with Portland Limestone Cement for Road Subgrade Application in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

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@article{1719362,
      author = {John E. Sani, George Moses, Yakubu Victor, Kabiru Adebayo},
      title = {Stabilisation of Vermi-Remediated Crude Oil-Contaminated Lateritic Soil with Portland Limestone Cement for Road Subgrade Application in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {12},
      pages = {3413-3425},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1719362.pdf},
      abstract = {Crude oil contamination of lateritic soils is a pervasive geotechnical and environmental crisis in Nigeria's Niger Delta, rendering vast land areas unsuitable for road construction. This study investigates a two-stage treatment strategy combining vermi-remediation using the African Nightcrawler (Eudrilus eugeniae) followed by Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) stabilisation for rehabilitating crude oil-contaminated lateritic soil for road subgrade application. Approximately 250 kg of lateritic soil collected from Shika, Zaria, Kaduna State was contaminated with Bonny Light crude oil at 8% by dry weight and subjected to vermi-remediation at a density of 50 worms/kg for 30 days, achieving a Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency of 26.67%, reducing average TPH from 4,467 mg/kg to 3,300 mg/kg. The vermi-remediated crude oil-contaminated (VRCOC) soil was subsequently stabilised with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% PLC under three compaction standards: British Standard Light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS), and British Standard Heavy (BSH). Key geotechnical parameters evaluated include index properties, compaction characteristics (Maximum Dry Density, MDD; Optimum Moisture Content, OMC), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) in soaked and unsoaked conditions, durability under wetting-drying cycles, and microstructural analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results demonstrate that 6% PLC under BSH compaction produced the optimal combination, achieving 28-day UCS of 715.84 kN/m², unsoaked CBR of 124.58%, soaked CBR of 71.30% at 2.5 mm penetration, and MDD of 1.83 Mg/m³—all exceeding the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing (FMWH, 1997) and NIS 6:2020 thresholds for road subgrade materials. SEM analysis confirmed progressive development of interlocking calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) and calcium aluminate hydrate (C–A–H) gels over the curing period. The combined vermi-remediation and cement stabilisation strategy offers a sustainable, eco-friendly, and technically viable pathway for transforming petroleum-contaminated lateritic soils into high-performance road subgrade materials.},
      keywords = {Crude Oil Contamination, Vermi-Remediation, Eudrilus Eugeniae, Portland Limestone Cement, Lateritic Soil, Road Subgrade, California Bearing Ratio, Cement Stabilisation},
      month = {June},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I12-1719362}
  }