International Peer-Reviewed JournalOpen AccessISSN 2456-8880
irejournals@gmail.com+91-7433024337

Home / Current Issue / Paper 1719487

1719487 Vol 10 · Issue 1 Download Paper

Knowledge On Doping Among Secondary School Sports and Games in Kenya.

Bonface Kimathi Gichunger Dr. Jonathan Rotich Dr. Vincent Muasya

Subject area: Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities  ·  Area of research: Doping in Sports

DOI: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1719487

Abstract

Sports and games teachers play a key role as athlete support personnel (ASP) in the lives of athletes in secondary schools. They play the roles of coaches, trainers, team managers, first aiders and counsellors to the student’s athletes. Therefore, it is the duty of the sports and games teachers to guarantee that student athletes participate in fair competition and clean sports. This study assessed the knowledge of sports and games teachers on doping. The study objective assessed the knowledge that sports and game teachers have about doping laws and regulations. Additionally, it investigated whether the knowledge, of sports and games teachers differed depending on gender and experience. A cross-sectional survey design was used for the study. The 256 sports and games teachers who competed in Kenya under the auspices of KSSSA were the target population. Through systematic random sampling 176 secondary school sports and games teachers took part in the study. An online questionnaire based on the WADA social sciences package was used to collect data. The SPSS data analysis process employed descriptive statistics, including means, percentages, and standard deviations. To determine if there was a significant difference in the knowledge of sports and games teachers based on gender and experience, the Mann-Whitney U test and Krustal Wallis H test were utilized. The study revealed encouraging levels of general knowledge with the main sources for anti-doping information for sports and games teachers in Kenya being the WADA website 38.4% followed by television at 36.2%. However, there was no statistically significant differences in anti-doping knowledge, attitude or beliefs based on gender or years of coaching experience.

References

[1] Anti-Doping Agency Kenya website (2016).

[2] Amos A, Fridman S. Drugs in sport: The legal issues. In: J Mazanov, ed. Towards a Social Science of Drugs in Sport. Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2012 84-102. DOI:10.1080/17430430802673700

[3] Andrew, D.P., Pedersen, P.M., & McEvoy, C.D. (2019). Research methods and design in sport management. Human Kinetics. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=8rG8DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

[4] Anokye, A. (2020). Sample Size Determination in Survey Research. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports 26 (5): 90-97. DOI:10.9734/JSRR/2020/v26i530263

[5] Backhouse SH., McKenna J.,(2011) Doping in sport: A review of medical practitioners’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. International Journal of Drug Policy: 22: 198-202. DOI:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.002

[6] Backhouse, S., & McKenna, J. (2012). Reviewing Coaches’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Doping in Sport. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 7, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.7.1.167.

[7] Bassoli, L., Boncinelli, S., Brizzi, L., Curci, R., Signorelli, D., Pazardjklian, L., & Pellai, A. (2004). A Survey of Physical Activity and Doping in a Sample of 6,915 student aged 14 – 18 years, instructions to authors, 56 (3): 317-26. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8457835

[8] Bhagirathi, S. (2009). Knowledge and awareness towards doping in sports: A survey study. ICSSPE Bulletin, (56), 31-31.

[9] Blank, C., Leighfried, V., Schaiter, R., Fürhapter, C., Müller, D., & Schobersberger, W. (2015). Doping in sports: Knowledge and attitudes among parents of Austrian junior athletes. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 25. 116-124. 10.1111/sms.12168. DOI:10.1111/sms.12168

[10] Boit, M., Dimeo, P., Onywera, V., Theuri, G., Kiplamai F., Sigei, S., & Cronin, L. (2015). Doping Education status in Kenya. Evaluation of Knowledge, attitudes and practice of doping among elite Kenyan athletes. Report compiled for WADA. Accessed from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-final-report-dr-dimeo.pdf.

[11] Callary, B., Rathwell, S., & Young, B. (2018). Coach education and learning sources for coaches of master’s swimmers. International Sport Coaching Journal, 5(1), 47-59. doi: 10.1123/iscj.2017-0056.

[12] Campell, D. T. & Stanley, J. C. (1996). Experimental and Quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago Rand. Mc Anally.

[13] Chesanow, N. (2016). Faster, Higher, Stronger: A History of Doping in Sports. Medscape. Retrieved from https://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/history-of-doping-in-sports.

[14] Chunxiao, L., Wang, J. & Pyun, D. Y. (2014). Talent Development Environmental Factors in Sport: A Review and Taxonomic Classification. 66. 433-447. DOI:10.1080/00336297.2014.944715

[15] Cooper, A. G. & Schindler, B. M. (2000). Sampling Techniques (Third Ed). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-16240-X.

[16] Corluka, M., Gabrilo, G., & Blazevic, M. (2011). Doping factors, knowledge and attitudes among Bosnian and Herzegovinian football players. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 17, 3, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPESM2020.0346

[17] Donovan, R.J., Egger, G., & Kapernick, V., & Mendoza, J. (2002). A Conceptual Framework for Achieving Performance Enhancing Drug Compliance in Sport. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 32. 269-84. DOI:10.2165/00007256-200232040-00005

[18] Dubin, C. L. (1990). Commission of Inquiry into the Use of Drugs and Banned Practices Intended to Increase Athlete Performance. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Government Publishing Centre. https://www.doping.nl/media/kb/3636/Dubin-report-1990-eng%20(S)

[19] Eagly, A., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The Psychology of Attitudes. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258879638

[20] Estâvão Correia, M. E., & Bertram, R. (2018). The surfing coaching: Sources of knowledge acquisition. International Sport Coaching Journal, 5(1), 14-23. doi: 10.1123/iscj.2017-0083.

[21] Engelberg, T., & Moston, S. (2015). Inside the locker Room: A qualitative study of coaches’ anti-doping knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. Sport in Society. DOI:10.1080/15298868.2015.1074101

[22] Engelberg, T. & Moston, S. (2016). Inside the locker room: A qualitative study of coaches’ anti-doping knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. Sport in Society, 19(7): 942-956. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1096244

[23] Faigenbaum, A. D., Zaichkowsky, L. D., & Gardner, D. E. (1998). Anabolic steroid use by male and female middle school students. Pediatrics;101 (5):E6. doi: 10.1542/peds.101.5.e6. PMID: 9565439.

[24] Folkerts, D., Loh, R., Petróczi, A., & Brueckner, S., (2020). The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101999

[25] Giraldi, G., Unim, B., Masala, D., Miccoli, S., and La Torre, G. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours on doping and supplements in young football players in Italy. Public Health 129, 1007–1009 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.05.008

[26] Hoberman J. (2001) How drug testing fails: The politics of doping control. In Wilson W, Derse E, eds. Doping in Elite Sport: The Politics of Drugs in the Olympic Movement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics: 241-274. DOI:10.5860/choice.38-4518

[27] Israel, D. (2009). Sampling the Evidence of Extension Program Impact. Program Evaluation and Organizational Development, IFAS, University of Florida. PEOD-5. October.

[28] Kamenju, W.J. (2014). An influence of sports disciplines and demographic of Kenya’s College athletes on their awareness, perception and altitude to performance enhancing substance use (PhD Thesis). Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/11918

[29] Kamenju, J., Mwisukha, A., & Rintaugu, E. (2014). Awareness, perception and attitude to doping and performance-enhancing substance use among athletes in teacher training colleges in Kenya. A Report compiled for the World Anti-Doping Agency, 1-90.

[30] Kaoche, M.C., Rintaugu, E.G., Kamenju, J. & Mwangi, F. (2020) Knowledge on doping among football athletes, coaches and sponsors in Malawi. Journal of Physical Education and Sport management.11:5-13. DOI: 10.5897/JPESM2020.0346

[31] Kimiywe, E. & Simiyu, N.W. (2009). The extent of dietary supplements uses by male rugby players in Kenya, Journal of Applied Biosciences, 22, 1306-1311. https://ir library.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/20060/Prevalence%20of%20Dietary%20Supplements.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

[32] Kirby, K., Moran, A. &Guerin. S. (2011). A qualitative analysis of the experiences of elite athletes who have admitted to doping for performance enhancement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3 (2), 205-224. DOI:10.1080/19406940.2011.577081

[33] Kothari, C.R. (2009) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International.

[34] KSSSA (2019). KSSSA School Games; All the rules, changes and complete guide on players’ documentation. https://educationnewshub.co.ke/ksssa-school-games-all-the-rules-changes-and-complete-guide-on-players-documentation.

[35] Lara, B., Sergio, Duffy, P., and Harrington, M. (2013). International Sport Coaching Framework.

[36] Laure, P., Thouvenin, F. & Lecerf, T. (2001). Attitudes of coaches towards doping. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 41. 132-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12019015_Attitudes_of_coaches_towards_doping

[37] Laurie B. P., Susan H. B., & Ben J. (2023) The role of athlete support personnel in preventing doping: a qualitative study of a rugby union academy, Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 15:1, 70-88, DOI: 10.1080/2159676X.2022.2086166

[38] Lucidi, F., Grano, C., Leone, L., Lombardo, C., & Pesce, C. (2004). Determinants of the intention to use doping substances: An empirical contribution in a sample of Italian adolescents, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 35,133-148.

[39] Mazanov J., & Huybers (2010). Drug use and abuse by athletes. In Hanrahan SJ, Anderson MB, (eds). Handbook of Applied Sport Psychology. Oxon, UK: Routledge: 214-223. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203851043

[40] Moran, A., Guerin, S., Kirby, K., & Macintyre, T. (2008). The development and validation of a doping attitudes and behaviour scale (funded by WADA Social Science Research Grant Program).

[41] Morente-Sanchez, J. & Zabala M. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of technical staff towards doping in Spanish football. Journal of Sports Science; 33(12):1267-75. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.999699.

[42] Murray, T. (2018). Good sport: why our games matter -- and how doping undermines them. Oxford University Press. https://www.booktopia.com.au/good-sport-thomas-h-murray/book/9780190687984.html

[43] Nicholls, A., Cope, E., Bailey, R., Koenen, K., Dumon, D., Theodorou, N., et al. (2017). Children's First Experience of Taking Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids can Occur before Their 10th Birthday: A Systematic Review Identifying 9 Factors That Predicted Doping among Young People. Frontiers in Psychology. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01015

[44] Neil C., (2016) Faster, Higher, Stronger: A History of Doping in Sports.

[45] Nolte, K., Steyn, B. J.M., Krüger, P.E, & Fletcher, L. (2014). Doping in sport: Attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of competitive high-school athletes in Gauteng Province. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), 81-86. DOI:10.7196/sajsm.542

[46] Ntoumanis, N., Gucciardi, D.F., Backhouse, S.H., Barkoukis, V., Quested, E., Patterson, L., et al. (2018). An Intervention to Optimize Coach Motivational Climates and Reduce Athlete Willingness to Dope (CoachMADE): Protocol for a Cross-Cultural Cluster Randomized Control Trial. Front Psychol. Jan 9; 8:2301. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02301.

[47] Ogama, D. W., Omariba, E. & Sakwa, M. M. (2019). Exploring the impact of knowledge and attitudes on doping behaviour among athletics youthful Kenyan long-distance runners. International Academic Journal of Law and Society, 1(2), 35-47. http://www.iajournals.org/articles/iajls_v1_i2_35_47.pdf

[48] Onywera, V.O., Scott, R.A., Boit, M.K. & Pitsiladis, Y.P. (2006). Demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners, Journal of Sport Sciences, 24(4), 415-422. DOI:10.1080/02640410500189033

[49] Otieno, A.O. & Ofulla, A.V.O. (2009). Drug Abuse in Kisumu Town in Western Kenya, Ajfand Online, 9(3), 847-858. DOI:10.4314/ajfand.v9i3.43010

[50] Patterson, L.B., Backhouse, S.H., & Lara-Bercial, S., (2019) Examining coaches’ experiences and opinions of anti-doping education. International Sport Coaching Journal / ISCJ, 6 (2). pp. 145-159. ISSN 2328-918X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2018-0008

[51] Partington, M., Cushion, C., & Harvey, S. (2013). An investigation of the effect of athletes' age on the coaching behaviours of professional top-level youth soccer coaches. Journal of sports sciences. 32. DOI:10.1080/02640414.2013.835063

[52] Petroczi, A. & Aidman, E. (2008) Psychological drivers in doping: the life-cycle model of performance enhancement. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 3(7):1–12. DOI:10.1186/1747-597X-3-7

[53] Petróczi, A. (2007). Attitudes and doping: A structural equation analysis of the relationship between athletes. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy. 2. 34. DOI:10.1186/1747-597X-2-34

[54] Petróczi, A., & Aidman, E. (2009) Measuring explicit attitude toward doping: review of the psychometric properties of the performance enhancement attitude scale. Psychological Sport Exercise, 10(3):390–396. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.11.001

[55] Petroczi, A., Aidman, E. V & Nepusz, T. (2008). Capturing doping attitudes by self –report declarations and implicit assessment: A Methodology Study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 3:9. DOI:10.1186/1747-597X-3-9

[56] Peters, C., Schultz, T., Oberhoffer, R., & Michna, H. (2009). Doping and doping prevention: Knowledge, attitudes and expectations of athletes and coaches. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 60, 73-78.

[57] Pitsch, W., Emrich, E. & Klein, M. (2007). Doping in elite sports in Germany: Results of a www survey. European Journal of Sport and Society 4: 89–102. DOI:10.1080/16138171.2007.11687797

[58] Psouni, L., Nikos, C. F. Z., & Theodorakis, Y. (2015). Psouni, S., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2015). Attitudes and intentions of Greek athletes and coaches regarding doping. Health, 7, 1224-1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2015.79137. Health. 07. 10.4236/health.2015.79137.

[59] Rintaugu, E. & Mwangi, F. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions on doping among university students in physical education and sport science related degree programmes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. DOI:10.14198/jhse.2021.161.16

[60] Rintaugu, E.G., & Mwangi, F.M. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions on doping among university students in physical education and sport science related degree programmes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 16(1), 174-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.161.16

[61] Sajber D, Rodek J, Escalante Y, Olugic D, Sekulic D (2013). Sports Nutrition and Doping Factors in Swimming; Parallel Analysis among Athletes and Coaches. Coll Anthropol Suppl 1(2):179-186. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255692977_Sport_Nutrition_and_Doping_Factors_in_Swimming_Parallel_Analysis_among_Athletes_and_Coaches

[62] Smith, A., & Stewart, B. (2008). Drug policy in sport: Hidden assumptions and inherent contradictions. Drug and alcohol review. 27. 123-9. DOI:10.1080/09595230701829355.

[63] United States Anti-Doping Agency (2010). U.S. Track & Field Coach, Raymond Stewart, receives lifetime suspension [Internet]. Colorado Springs, CO: USADA.

[64] United Kingdom Anti-Doping -https://www.ukad.org.uk/cleansporthub

[65] United States Anti-Doping Agency (2012). Members of the United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team doping conspiracy, Dr. Garcia Del Moral, Dr. Ferrari and Trainer Marti receive lifetime bans for doping violations [Internet]. Colorado Springs (CO): USADA; 2012b July 10 [cited July 12]. Available from http://www.usada.org/media/sanction-usps7102012.

[66] United Kingdom Anti-Doping. Three former Hull RLFC employees banned for anti-doping rule violations [Internet]. London, UK: UK Anti-Doping; 2011 December 29 [cited 2012 July 10]. Available from http://www.ukad.org.uk/news/article/three-former-hull-rlfc-employeesbanned-for-anti-doping-rule-violations

[67] WADA (2009). 2009 World Anti-Doping Code. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/questions-answers/2009-world-anti-doping-code

[68] WADA (2012). WADA publishes 2012 Prohibited List. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2011-09/wada-publishes-2012-prohibited-list.

[69] WADA (2018).Anti-doping testing figures. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2020-12/wada-publishes-anti-doping-rule-violations-report-for-2018.

[70] WADA. (2015). World Anti doing Code; Play True. World Anti-Doping Agency.

[71] WADA Code (2021) https://www.wadaama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2021_wada_code.pdf

[72] Wadler, G., & Hainline, B. (1989). Drugs and the athlete. Philadelphia: Davis.

[73] Wiefferink, C.H., Detmar, S.B., Coumans, B., Vogels, T. & Paulussen, T.G.W. (2007). Social psychological determinants of the use of performance – enhancing drugs by gym users. Health Education Research, 23(1):70-80. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cym004.

[74] Yauma, M., Elijah, R., & Mundia, F. (2024). Doping knowledge, prevalence, and predisposing factors among athletes in dominant Olympic sports in Kenya: A report compiled for World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Anti-Doping Agency of Kenya; Kenyatta University; World Anti-Doping Agency.

[75] Yamane, T. 1967. Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row.

[76] Zmuda P. M., Bigosińska, M., Siwek, M., Angelova-Igova, B., & Mucha, D. (2023). Doping in Sport—Attitudes of Physical Trainers Students Regarding the Use of Prohibited Substances Increasing Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054574

[77] G. O. Young, ―Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with paper title and editor), ‖ in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.

[78] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.

[79] H. Poor, an Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New York: Springer-Verilog, 1985, Ch. 4.

[80] B. Smith, ―An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work style), ‖ unpublished.

[81] E. H. Miller, ―A note on reflector arrays (Periodical style—Accepted for publication), ‖ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate., to be published.

[82] J. Wang, ―Fundamentals of erbium-doped fibre amplifiers arrays (Periodical style—Submitted for publication), ‖ IEEE J. Quantum Electron., submitted for publication.

How to cite this paper

Bonface Kimathi Gichunger, Dr. Jonathan Rotich, Dr. Vincent Muasya "Knowledge On Doping Among Secondary School Sports and Games in Kenya." Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 10 Issue 1 2026 Page 1333-1343 https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1719487
Bonface Kimathi Gichunger, Dr. Jonathan Rotich, Dr. Vincent Muasya "Knowledge On Doping Among Secondary School Sports and Games in Kenya." Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 10, no. 1, Jul. 2026, doi: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1719487
Bonface Kimathi Gichunger, Dr. Jonathan Rotich, Dr. Vincent Muasya (2026). Knowledge On Doping Among Secondary School Sports and Games in Kenya.. Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 10(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1719487
Bonface Kimathi Gichunger, Dr. Jonathan Rotich, Dr. Vincent Muasya "Knowledge On Doping Among Secondary School Sports and Games in Kenya." Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 10, no. 1, Jul. 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1719487
@article{1719487,
      author = {Bonface Kimathi Gichunger, Dr. Jonathan Rotich, Dr. Vincent Muasya},
      title = {Knowledge On Doping Among Secondary School Sports and Games in Kenya.},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1333-1343},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1719487.pdf},
      abstract = {Sports and games teachers play a key role as athlete support personnel (ASP) in the lives of athletes in secondary schools. They play the roles of coaches, trainers, team managers, first aiders and counsellors to the student’s athletes. Therefore, it is the duty of the sports and games teachers to guarantee that student athletes participate in fair competition and clean sports. This study assessed the knowledge of sports and games teachers on doping. The study objective assessed the knowledge that sports and game teachers have about doping laws and regulations. Additionally, it investigated whether the knowledge, of sports and games teachers differed depending on gender and experience. A cross-sectional survey design was used for the study. The 256 sports and games teachers who competed in Kenya under the auspices of KSSSA were the target population. Through systematic random sampling 176 secondary school sports and games teachers took part in the study. An online questionnaire based on the WADA social sciences package was used to collect data. The SPSS data analysis process employed descriptive statistics, including means, percentages, and standard deviations. To determine if there was a significant difference in the knowledge of sports and games teachers based on gender and experience, the Mann-Whitney U test and Krustal Wallis H test were utilized. The study revealed encouraging levels of general knowledge with the main sources for anti-doping information for sports and games teachers in Kenya being the WADA website 38.4% followed by television at 36.2%. However, there was no statistically significant differences in anti-doping knowledge, attitude or beliefs based on gender or years of coaching experience.},
      month = {July},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1719487}
  }