Strength Performance and Durability of Lateritic Soil Stabilised with Periwinkle Shell Ash and Cement Kiln Dust for Road Construction

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@article{1719505,
      author = {J. E. Sani, U. M. Maidamma, G. Moses, U Z Isa},
      title = {Strength Performance and Durability of Lateritic Soil Stabilised with Periwinkle Shell Ash and Cement Kiln Dust for Road Construction},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {1},
      pages = {432-452},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1719505.pdf},
      abstract = {Lateritic soils are widespread across Nigeria yet frequently inadequate for direct use as pavement structural layers due to low bearing capacity and moisture susceptibility. This study evaluates the strength performance and durability of lateritic soil stabilised with Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD)—two locally available, low-cost, waste-derived pozzolanic materials—for road subbase and base course applications. A systematic 5×5 factorial design was employed, combining PSA and CKD at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by dry soil weight, tested under British Standard Light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS), and British Standard Heavy (BSH) compaction energy levels. Strength was assessed by Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) under both unsoaked and soaked conditions. Long-term performance was evaluated by a wetting–drying cycle durability test. Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to confirm statistical significance at α = 0.05. UCS increased from 840 kN/m² (natural soil) to a peak of 2,600 kN/m² (209% improvement) at 4% PSA + 6% CKD under BSH compaction at 28 days curing. Unsoaked CBR reached 85.0% under BSH at 6% PSA + 8% CKD, meeting the Nigerian ≥80% base course requirement; soaked CBR peaked at 50.2%, limiting saturated-condition use to subbase classification. Durability values of 35–66% across all compaction levels fell below the 80% base course threshold, classifying the material as suitable for subbase use. Two-way ANOVA confirmed CKD as the dominant stabilising factor (p < 0.001 for CBR and UCS) with a statistically significant PSA–CKD synergistic interaction (p ≤ 0.010). This is the first study to apply a full 5×5 factorial design with two-way ANOVA to quantify the synergistic PSA–CKD interaction on lateritic soil strength and durability, providing statistically validated mix design guidance for waste-material road construction in tropical Nigeria.},
      keywords = {Periwinkle Shell Ash, Cement Kiln Dust, Lateritic Soil, UCS, CBR, Durability, Pozzolanic Stabilisation, Two-Way ANOVA},
      month = {July},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1719505}
  }