Assessment Of Oil Spill Responders’ Perception of Job Safety Analysis in Niger Delta, Nigeria

References

[1] Adeola, F. O., & Picou, J. S. (2017). Petroleum exploitation or sustainable development: An analysis of Nigeria's Niger Delta with the Exxon Valdez. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(13), 1555-1578.

[2] Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.

[3] Amnesty International. (2021). Nigeria: No Clean-up, No Justice: Ongoing Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta.

[4] Australian Maritime Safety Authority & National Plan Strategic Coordination Committee. (2018). National plan marine oil spill response health and safety guidance (NP‑GUI‑027, v2.0).

[5] Bevacqua, E., & Cramond, P. (2021). The challenges of paper-based documentation in remote and hazardous fieldwork. Safety Science, 134, 105067.

[6] Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. (2022). Safety performance report: U.S. offshore oil and gas operations. U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.bsee.gov/stats-facts/performance-data

[7] Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

[8] DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160.

[9] Eweje, G. (2006). Environmental costs and responsibilities resulting from oil exploitation in developing countries: The case of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(1), 27-56.

[10] Federal Aviation Administration. (2021). Crew resource management training. U.S. Department of Transportation.

[11] Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment. (2020). National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health (Revised).

[12] Federal Republic of Nigeria. (1999). National policy on occupational safety and health. Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity.

[13] Fernández-Muñiz, B., Montes-Peón, J. M., & Vázquez-Ordás, C. J. (2021). Digital transformation of safety documentation: The role of cloud-based platforms in high-risk industries. Safety Science, 142, 105392.

[14] Firestone, W. A. (1993). Alternative arguments for generalizing from data as applied to qualitative research. Educational Researcher, 22(4), 16–23.

[15] Haynes, A. B., Weiser, T. G., Berry, W. R., Lipsitz, S. R., Breizat, A.-H. S., Dellinger, E. P., Herbosa, T., Joseph, S., Kibatala, P. L., Lapitan, M. C. M., Merry, A. F., Moorthy, K., Reznick, R. K., Taylor, B., & Gawande, A. A. (2009). A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(5), 491–499.

[16] Health and Safety Executive. (2023). Managing health and safety in oil and gas operations. HSE Books. http://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/index.htm

[17] Hollnagel, E. (2018). Safety-I and Safety-II: The past and future of safety management. CRC Press.

[18] Human Rights Watch. (2019). The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria's Oil Producing Communities. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/12/16/price-oil/corporate-responsibility-and-human-rights-violations-nigerias-oil

[19] International Association of Oil & Gas Producers. (2022). Guidelines for the development and use of job safety analysis (JSA) in the oil and gas industry (Report 454). https://www.iogp.org/bookstore/product/guidelines-for-the-development-and-use-of-job-safety-analysis-jsa/

[20] International Organization for Standardization. (2018). ISO 45001:2018 Occupational health and safety management systems Requirements with guidance for use.

[21] IPIECA & International Association of Oil & Gas Producers. (2012). Oil spill responder health and safety: Good practice guidelines for incident management and emergency response personnel (IOGP Report 480).

[22] Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.

[23] Khan, F., Yang, M., Veitch, B., & Chughai, A. (2022). A framework for risk-based integration of IoT and wearable technology in safety management systems. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 158, 632–643.

[24] Manuele, F. A. (2020). Advanced safety management: Focusing on Z10 and serious injury prevention (3rd ed.). Wiley.

[25] Onyena, A. P., & Sam, K. (2021). A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: Insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria. Global Ecology and Conservation, 28, e01664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01664

[26] Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI). (2022). Oil and Gas Industry Report. Retrieved from https://neiti.gov.ng/

[27] NOSDRA Oil Spill Monitor. (2023). Public Data and Statistics. National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency. Retrieved from http://oilspillmonitor.ng/

[28] Obi, C. I. (2010). Oil extraction, dispossession, resistance, and conflict in Nigeria's oil-rich Niger Delta. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 30(1-2), 219-236.

[29] Ordinioha, B., & Brisibe, S. (2013). The human health implications of crude oil spills in the Niger delta, Nigeria: An overview of current knowledge. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(5), 4151-4165.

[30] Onyena, A. P., & Sam, K. (2021). A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: Insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria. Global Ecology and Conservation, 28, e01664.

[31] Reason, J. (1997). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Ashgate.

[32] Reason, J. (2016). Organizational accidents revisited. CRC Press.

[33] Sobol, M. (2014). Research methods in occupational safety and health. Oxford University Press.

[34] Stakeholder Democracy Network. (2023). Oil Spill Monitor Data Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/oil-spill-monitor/

[35] Starcke, K., & Brand, M. (2012). Decision making under stress: A selective review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1228–1248.

[36] Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296.

[37] Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.

[38] Udonwa, N. E., Uko, E. K., Ikpeme, B. M., Ibanga, I. A., & Okon, B. O. (2009). Oil spill exposure and self-reported symptoms among clean-up workers in the Niger Delta. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51(3), 364-369.

[39] UN Environment Programme. (2011). Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-assessment-ogoniland

[40] Vinodkumar, M. N., & Bhasi, M. (2011). A study on the impact of management system certification on safety management. Safety Science, 49(3), 498–507.

[41] Walker, A. H. (2015). Oil spills and risk perceptions: A stakeholder engagement model to address evolving needs. Paper presented at the Interspill Conference, London, United Kingdom.

[42] World Bank. (2021). Nigeria economic update: Balancing recovery and growth. The World Bank Group.

[43] Yang, M., Khan, F., & Lye, L. (2020). Real-time hazard monitoring using wearable sensors in process environments. Process Safety Progress, 39(2), e12104.

@article{1719618,
      author = {Nta, Unwana Ekpo, A. A. Obafemi, N. U. Udeh},
      title = {Assessment Of Oil Spill Responders’ Perception of Job Safety Analysis in Niger Delta, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {1},
      pages = {923-936},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1719618.pdf},
      abstract = {This study assessed Niger Delta oil spill responders' perceptions of Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and its impact on safety outcomes, addressing a critical gap in understanding the human and organisational factors affecting JSA implementation in this high-risk environment. A descriptive cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed, collecting data from 66 responders across three spill response companies using a structured, mobile-optimised questionnaire. The study achieved an 88.0% response rate, with excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.915). Descriptive, thematic, and inferential statistical analyses (Pearson's correlation, One-Way ANOVA) were conducted. Findings revealed a fundamental paradox: while responders overwhelmingly valued JSA (95.5% agreement, weighted mean = 4.6/5.0) and demonstrated strong self-rated understanding (mean = 4.0/5.0) significantly enhanced by formal training (r= .321, p= .009), implementation was critically undermined by cultural and leadership constraints. The "heroism-safety dichotomy" was empirically validated through a very strong correlation between perceived "speed-over-safety" culture and JSA bypassing (r = .702, p < .001). Management commitment emerged as the most influential factor (mean = 4.0/5.0) yet simultaneously the single biggest barrier (42.4% of respondents). One-Way ANOVA formally identified a significant "auditor-operator perception gap": HSE personnel perceived JSA effectiveness significantly higher than field operatives (p= .021), while operatives reported significantly higher bypassing rates (p = .023). The regression model explained 60.3% of variance in JSA effectiveness (R² = .603, p < .001), with management commitment as the strongest predictor (β = .387). The study concludes that the core challenge is not a lack of JSA awareness, but systemic and cultural barriers that decouple procedural knowledge from field practice. It is recommended that the management of spill response companies prioritise demonstrable leadership commitment and implement contextual, scenario-based JSA training to bridge the identified gaps and foster a more resilient safety culture.},
      keywords = {Oil and Gas Industry, Niger Delta, Job Safety Analysis (JSA), Oil Spill Response, Safety Perception and Occupational Safety},
      month = {July},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1719618}
  }