The Impact of Composted Animal Wastes and Their Associated Faecal Indicator Organisms on the Growth and Yield of Waterleaf (Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Vegetable in Calabar, Nigeria

References

[1] Abebe, G., & Debebe, S. (2019). Factors affecting use of organic fertilizer among smallholder farmers in Sekela district of Amhara region, Northwestern Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5, 1-11.

[2] Adekiya, A. O., Agbede, T. M., & Aboyeji, C. M. (2019). Effect of organic manures on soil properties, nutrient uptake, growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Scientia Horticulturae, 243, 349–356.

[3] Adekiya, A. O., Agbede, T. M., & Ojeniyi, S. O. (2020). Effects of poultry manure on soil and plant nutrient composition, growth, and yield of cocoyam. Experimental Agriculture, 52(3), 466–476.

[4] Agegnehu, G., Nelson, P. N., & Bird, M. I. (2016). The effects of biochar, compost and their mixture on soil properties and crop yield. Science of the Total Environment, 569–570, 869–879.

[5] Alegbeleye, O.O., Singleton, I. & Sant’Ana, A.S. (2018). Sources and contamination routes of microbial pathogens to fresh produce during field cultivation: a review. Food Microbiology, 73, 177–208.

[6] Ayilara, M.; Ábrego, J.; Gea, G.; Marías, F. (2020). Pyrolysis of dairy cattle manure: Evolution of char characteristics. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 145, 104724.

[7] Berg, M. P., Alburquerque, J. A., & Moral, R. (2020). Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment: A review. Bioresource Technology, 100(22), 5444–5453.

[8] Bui, H. T. M., & Nguyen, H. T. T. (2020). Factors influencing farmers’ decision to convert to organic tea cultivation in the mountainous areas of northern. Organic Agriculture, 11, 51-61.

[9] Burris, K.P., Simmons, O.D., Webb, H.M., Deese, L.M., Moore, R.G., Jaykus, L.A. (2020) Colonization and internalization of Salmonella enterica and its prevalence in cucumber plants. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 1135.

[10] Chukwu, V. A., Smith, J. U., Strachan, N. J. C., Avery, L. M., & Obiekezie, S. O. (2022). Impacts of different treatment methods for cattle manure on the spread of faecal indicator organisms from soil to lettuce in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 132:618–632.

[11] Domene, M. Á., Gómez, F., Soria, R., Villafuerte, A. B., Miralles, I., & Ortega, R. (2025). Comparative analysis of horticultural and animal waste compost: Physicochemical properties and impact on plant growth. Agronomy, 15(3), 516.

[12] Ezekiel, A. A., Olaniyi, J. O., & Ojetayo, A. E. (2020). Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and mineral composition of leafy vegetables. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 26(3), 210–222.

[13] Falola, A., & Mukaila, R. (2022). Organic maize farming practices in Nigeria: Drivers and barriers. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 35(3), 147-154.

[14] FAO (2018). The future of food and agriculture: Drivers, challenges and opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

[15] Goldan, E., Nedeff, V., Barsan, N., Culea, M., Panainte-Lehadus, M., Mosnegutu, E., Tomozei, C., Chitimus, D., & Irimia, O. (2023). Assessment of manure compost used as soil amendment: A review. Processes, 11, 1167.

[16] Gou, M.; Hu, H.W.; Zhang, Y.J.; Wang, J.T.; Hayden, H.; Tang, Y.Q.; He, J.Z. (2023). Aerobic composting reduces antibiotic resistance genes in cattle manure and the resistome dissemination in agricultural soils. Science of the Total Environmental, 612, 1300–1310.

[17] Jahan, M. S., Ujjaman, S., Rahman, M. S., & Sarker, B. C. (2022). Physicochemical properties and nutrient contents of compost as influenced by organic wastes and methods of composting. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 70(1), 106–112.

[18] Karimi, H., Ebrahimi, A., Jalili, M., Rezvani, M., & Mokhtari, M. (2016). Reduction of pathogens from mixture of cow manure, domestic waste and wastewater treatment plant sludge by vermicomposting process. Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 43-50.

[19] Liu, H., Chen, J., Fu, L., Chen, H., Yang, Y., Wang, W., Wang, Z., Wan, Z., & Yin, M. (2025). Effects of different combinations of organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of four leafy vegetables. Scientific Reports, 15, 25994.

[20] Manga, M., Camargo-Valero, M. A., Anthonj, C., & Evans, B. E. (2020). Fate of faecal pathogen indicators during faecal sludge composting with different bulking agents in a tropical climate. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 232, 113670.

[21] Manyi-Loh, C. E., Mamphweli, S. N., Meyer, E. L., Makaka, G., Simon, M., & Okoh, A. I. (2016). An overview of the control of bacterial pathogens in cattle manure. International Journalx of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(9), 843.

[22] Mehta, C.M., & Sirari, K. (2018). Comparative study of aerobic and anaerobic composting for better understanding of organic waste management: A mini review. Plant Archives, 18, 44–48.

[23] Motlagh, A. M., & Yang, Z. (2019). Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens in compost and agricultural environments: A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 247, 429–438.

[24] Noor, R. S., Shah, A. N., Tahir, M. B., Umair, M., Nawaz, M., Ali, A., Ercisli, S., Abdelsalam, N. R., Ali, H. M., Yang, S. H., Ullah, S., & Assiri, M. A. (2024). Recent trends and advances in additive-mediated composting technology for agricultural waste resources: A comprehensive review. ACS Omega, 9(8), 8632–8653.

[25] Nziguheba, G., Zingore, S., Kihara, J., & Merckx, R. (2016). Phosphorus in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for agricultural intensification. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 104(3), 321–340.

[26] Ojeniyi, S. O., Adekiya, A. O., & Agbede, T. M. (2018). Soil properties, leaf nutrient composition and yield of Talinum triangulare as influenced by organic-based fertilizers. Nigerian Journal of Soil Science, 28(1), 120–130.

[27] Oladoye, C. T., & Liu, G. (2022). Waterleaf, a potential leafy vegetable for Florida. Journal of Research and Review in Science, 5, 14-23.

[28] Oluwole, S. O., Ogun, M. L., & Durowoju, S. Y. (2019). Effects of different organic manures on the growth of water leaf (Talinum triangulare Jacq). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 4(5), 1123-1129.

[29] Oluwole, S.O., Ogun, M.L., & Balogun, O.A. (2018). Effects of different watering regimes on the growth Talinum triangulare Jacq. Journal of Research and Review in Science, 5, 14-23.

[30] Ortez, M. (2022). Food production and population growth: A cautionary tale. Purdue Economic Agricultural Reforms.

[31] Pajura, R. (2024). Composting municipal solid waste and animal manure in response to the current fertilizer crisis: A recent review. Science of the Total Environment, 912, 169221.

[32] Roy, D., Gunri, S. K., Kundu, C. K., & Bandyopadhyay, P. K. (2024). Rapid composting of groundnut residues through novel microbial consortium: Evaluating maturity, stability, and microbial activity. Current Research in Microbial Sciences, 7, 100277.

[33] Shan, G., Li, W., Gao, Y., Tan, W., & Xi, B. (2021). Additives for reducing nitrogen loss during composting: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 307, 127308.

[34] Ullah, H., Sarfraz, M., Muteen, A., Umar, A., Khan, M. U., Nawaz, H., Bashir, M., Sohail, A., Luqman, M., Rasheed, A., Ulfat, Z., Ullah, A., & Khan, M. S. (2023). Natural and processed organic ferti¬lizer. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 49(4), 40852 - 40857.

[35] Waqas, M., Hashim, S., Humphries, U.W., Ahmad, S., Noor, R., Shoaib, M., Naseem, A., Hlaing, P.T., & Lin, H.A. (2023). Composting processes for agricultural waste management: A comprehensive review. Processes, 11, 731.

[36] Zhang, X., Wang, H., He, L., Lu, K., Sarmah, A., Li, J., & Huang, H. (2021). Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 32914–32929.

@article{1720131,
      author = {Agbiji, Nneka Ndifon, Ekpenyong, Glory Maurice},
      title = {The Impact of Composted Animal Wastes and Their Associated Faecal Indicator Organisms on the Growth and Yield of Waterleaf (Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Vegetable in Calabar, Nigeria },
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {1},
      pages = {4104-4131},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1720131.pdf},
      abstract = {This study evaluated the effects of untreated, composted, and incinerated animal wastes on physicochemical properties, microbiological safety, nutritional composition, and growth performance of Talinum triangulare. Laboratory analyses assessed moisture content, organic matter, nitrogen, pH, microbial quality, proximate composition, mineral content, and yield parameters. Results showed that untreated wastes had higher moisture content (70–85%), organic matter, and nitrogen levels, which declined after composting and incineration. Composting improved nutrient stability, whereas incineration resulted in reduced organic matter (≤18%) and nitrogen (≤0.5%) with increased alkalinity (pH 8.0–8.4). Microbiological analysis revealed that soils amended with untreated manure had the highest faecal contamination (5.30 × 10⁵–2.10 × 10⁶ CFU/g), including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Salmonella species. Composting significantly reduced microbial loads (1.50 × 10³–4.23 × 10³ CFU/g), while incineration recorded the lowest levels (1.2 × 10¹–2.0 × 10¹ CFU/g). PCR confirmation identified E. coli (uidA) and Salmonella (invA and hns genes) in plant samples. Composted manure produced the highest growth and yield of T. triangulare, particularly mixed manure treatments, whereas incinerated treatments showed the poorest performance. Nutritional analysis revealed improved quality of compost-treated plants, with higher crude protein content (up to 6.0%) and essential mineral accumulation. Composting provided the best balance of nutrient availability, plant productivity, nutritional enhancement, and microbial safety, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable approach for animal waste management and vegetable production.},
      keywords = {Animal Waste Treatment, Composting, Incineration, Talinum Triangulare (Waterleaf), Physicochemical Properties.},
      month = {July},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I1-1720131}
  }