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Phytochemicals Analyses and Antimicrobial Properties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extracts On Selected Microbial Organisms (Bacteria and Fungi)

Nwanesindu U. E. Ikoro N. C. Megwas A. U. Azuamah Y. C. Eronini Y. Ozurumba O. A. Nwanesindu C. K. Nkemka V.

Subject area: Biological & Medical Sciences  ·  Area of research: Microbial Organisms

DOI: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I2-1722295

Abstract

The rise in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has led to continuous search for effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. Hibiscus sabdariffa, a known medicinal plant has shown to contain antimicrobial properties in preliminary studies. This study accessed the phytochemical components and antimicrobial activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa flower against selected bacterial and fungal organisms. The agar well diffusion method was used to check for antimicrobial activity. The MIC, MBC, and MFC were also determined. The results of the study showed that while the aqueous and the ethanol extracts of H. sabdariffa contained richly flavonoids, saponins and oxalates, but in moderate amounts tannins, alkaloids, hydrogen cyanide, phenols and others, the ethanol extracted more components. Significant antimicrobial activity was observed against all the tested bacterial strains (p < 0.04) and against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus (aqueous extract ) (p < 0.05), but no significant activity was seen against Candida albicans and Fusarium species. No significant differences were found between the aqueous and the ethanol extracts for all organisms (p > 0.05) excluding S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and A. flavus (p < 0.035). There was no significant differences between the mean MIC of the extracts and the control antibiotics (p = 0.382). However, a significant difference was found in the mean MIC values against the fungal strains (p = 0.00018). In conclusion , this study showed that Hibiscus sabdariffa contains antimicrobial activities which may serve as a promising natural source of antimicrobial agents for effective antimicrobial resistance.

Keywords

antimicrobial activity, antimicrobial resistance, phytochemical analysis, hibiscus sabdariffa.

How to cite this paper

Nwanesindu U. E., Ikoro N. C., Megwas A. U.; Azuamah Y. C., Eronini Y.; Ozurumba O. A., Nwanesindu C. K.; Nkemka V. "Phytochemicals Analyses and Antimicrobial Properties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extracts On Selected Microbial Organisms (Bacteria and Fungi)" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 10 Issue 2 2026 Page 1504-1510 https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I2-1722295
Nwanesindu U. E., Ikoro N. C., Megwas A. U.; Azuamah Y. C., Eronini Y.; Ozurumba O. A., Nwanesindu C. K.; Nkemka V. "Phytochemicals Analyses and Antimicrobial Properties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extracts On Selected Microbial Organisms (Bacteria and Fungi)" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 10, no. 2, Aug. 2026, doi: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I2-1722295
Nwanesindu U. E., Ikoro N. C., Megwas A. U.; Azuamah Y. C., Eronini Y.; Ozurumba O. A., Nwanesindu C. K.; Nkemka V. (2026). Phytochemicals Analyses and Antimicrobial Properties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extracts On Selected Microbial Organisms (Bacteria and Fungi). Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 10(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I2-1722295
Nwanesindu U. E., Ikoro N. C., Megwas A. U.; Azuamah Y. C., Eronini Y.; Ozurumba O. A., Nwanesindu C. K.; Nkemka V. "Phytochemicals Analyses and Antimicrobial Properties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extracts On Selected Microbial Organisms (Bacteria and Fungi)" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 10, no. 2, Aug. 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I2-1722295
@article{1722295,
      author = {Nwanesindu U. E., Ikoro N. C., Megwas A. U.; Azuamah Y. C., Eronini Y.; Ozurumba O. A., Nwanesindu C. K.; Nkemka V.},
      title = {Phytochemicals Analyses and Antimicrobial Properties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extracts On Selected Microbial Organisms (Bacteria and Fungi)},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {2},
      pages = {1504-1510},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1722295.pdf},
      abstract = {The rise in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has led to continuous search for effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. Hibiscus sabdariffa, a known medicinal plant has shown to contain antimicrobial properties in preliminary studies. This study accessed the phytochemical components and antimicrobial activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa flower against selected bacterial and fungal organisms. The agar well diffusion method was used to check for antimicrobial activity. The MIC, MBC, and MFC were also determined. The results of the study showed that while the aqueous and the ethanol extracts of H. sabdariffa contained richly flavonoids, saponins and oxalates, but in moderate amounts tannins, alkaloids, hydrogen cyanide, phenols and others, the ethanol extracted more components. Significant antimicrobial activity was observed against all the tested bacterial strains (p < 0.04) and against Aspergillus fumigatus and  Aspergillus flavus (aqueous extract ) (p < 0.05), but no significant activity was seen against Candida albicans and Fusarium species. No significant  differences were found between the aqueous and the ethanol extracts for all organisms (p > 0.05) excluding S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and A. flavus (p < 0.035). There was no significant differences between the mean MIC of the extracts and the control antibiotics (p = 0.382). However, a significant difference was found in the mean MIC values against the fungal strains (p = 0.00018). In conclusion , this study showed that Hibiscus sabdariffa contains antimicrobial activities which may serve as a promising natural source of antimicrobial agents for effective antimicrobial resistance.},
      keywords = {antimicrobial activity, antimicrobial resistance, phytochemical analysis, hibiscus sabdariffa.},
      month = {August},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I2-1722295}
  }