Spatial and Hydrochemical Characterisation of Groundwater Quality in Badagry Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria

References

[1] Adepelumi, A. A., Ako, B. D., Ajayi, T. R., Afolabi, O., & Omotoso, E. J. (2008). Delineation of saltwater intrusion into the freshwater aquifer of Lekki Peninsula, Lagos, Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 56, 927–936.

[2] Akinlalu, A. A., & Afolabi, D. O. (2018). Borehole depth determination to freshwater and well design using geophysical logs in coastal regions of Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 8, 152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0798-3

[3] Burri, N. M., Weatherl, R., Moeck, C., & Schirmer, M. (2019). A review of threats to groundwater quality in the Anthropocene. Science of the Total Environment, 684, 136–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.236

[4] Danert, K., & Healy, A. (2021). Monitoring groundwater use as a domestic water source by urban households: Analysis of data from Lagos State, Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa with implications for policy and practice. Water, 13(4), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040568

[5] Emenike, P. C., Nnaji, C. C., & Tenebe, I. T. (2018). Assessment of geospatial and hydrochemical interactions of groundwater quality, southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6799-8

[6] Glynn, P. D., & Plummer, L. N. (2005). Geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems. Hydrogeology Journal, 13(1), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0429-y

[7] Ocheri, M. I., Odoma, L. A., & Umar, N. D. (2014). Groundwater quality in Nigerian urban areas: A review. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: H Environment & Earth Science, 14(3), 35–45.

[8] Ogbadun, J. A., et al. (2020). Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater quality along the coastal aquifers in part of Ogun Waterside, Ogun State, southwestern Nigeria. Heliyon, 6(12), e05661.

[9] Oloruntola, M. O., Folorunso, A. F., Bayewu, O. O., Mosuro, G. O., & Adewale, S. (2019). Baseline evaluation of freshwater–saltwater interface in coastal aquifers of Badagry, south-western Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 9, 85.

[10] Selvam, S., Manimaran, G., & Sivasubramanian, P. (2013). Hydrochemical characteristics and GIS-based assessment of groundwater quality in the coastal aquifers of Tuticorin Corporation, Tamil Nadu, India. Applied Water Science, 3, 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-012-0068-8

[11] Standards Organisation of Nigeria. (2015). Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NIS 554:2015). Standards Organisation of Nigeria.

[12] Tunde, O. S., Kehinde, F. O., Adeyinka, O. H., & Chukwuka, N. S. (2023). Quality of groundwater from five different locations in Badagry Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 8(4), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2023.8426

[13] World Health Organization. (2022). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. World Health Organization.

[14] World Health Organization. (2026). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first, second, and third addenda. World Health Organization.

@article{1722465,
      author = {Gidado, Kabir Adio Femi, Ngah Sabastine A., Youdeowei, Patrick O., Akani, Godfrey C.},
      title = {Spatial and Hydrochemical Characterisation of Groundwater Quality in Badagry Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {2},
      pages = {1832-1846},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1722465.pdf},
      abstract = {Groundwater is an important source of domestic water in coastal communities of southwestern Nigeria, where rapid urbanisation and intensive groundwater use may increase vulnerability to chemical deterioration and saline influence. This study assessed the spatial and hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater quality in Badagry Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos State, Nigeria. Seventy-two groundwater samples were collected from boreholes distributed across residential, crowded, commercial, industrial and coastal settings. In-situ measurements included pH and temperature, while total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, major ions and selected metals were determined using standard analytical procedures. Descriptive statistics, comparison with Nigerian drinking-water standards, correlation analysis, hydrochemical classification and GIS-based spatial analysis were used to evaluate groundwater quality. Groundwater was generally soft and weakly mineralised, although substantial spatial variability occurred. Reported TDS ranged from 20.3 to 1,211 mg/L, with a mean of approximately 207 mg/L. The principal quality concern was acidity, with a reported mean pH of 5.59 and most samples below the Nigerian standard range of 6.5–8.5. Localised enrichment of TDS, salinity, nitrate, iron and manganese occurred at selected stations. Iron reached 0.346 mg/L, while manganese reached 0.825 mg/L. Chloride and sulphate remained below their respective national limits in the reported dataset. The spatial pattern indicates that groundwater chemistry reflects both natural water–rock interaction and local anthropogenic influences, with limited evidence of saline influence at selected coastal locations. The study demonstrates marked spatial heterogeneity in groundwater quality and identifies acidity and localised Fe and Mn enrichment as priority management concerns. Routine monitoring, source protection and treatment of acidic or metal-enriched groundwater are recommended.},
      keywords = {groundwater quality, hydrochemistry, spatial analysis, GIS, coastal aquifer, groundwater contamination},
      month = {August},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I2-1722465}
  }