International Peer-Reviewed JournalOpen AccessISSN 2456-8880
irejournals@gmail.com+91-7433024337

Home / Current Issue / Paper 1722544

1722544 Vol 8 · Issue 5 Download Paper

A Lightweight Hybrid IDS for Fog-Enabled IoT: Integrating Deep Sequence Models with Rule-Based Filtering

Sandra Okoro Daniel Kim Aarav Sethi

Subject area: Science,Engineering and Technology  ·  Area of research: IoT Intrusion Detection

DOI: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV8I5-1722544

Abstract

This paper describes a lightweight hybrid IDS for fog-enabled IoT that places a fast rule-based pre-filter at the edge and a BiLSTM-CNN sequence model at the fog layer. The pre-filter discards obvious benign and clearly malicious flows so the deeper model only processes uncertain traffic, cutting both latency and energy. On UNSW-NB15, NSL-KDD, and TON-IoT the design achieves up to 98.6% F1 while keeping per-inference energy below 38 mJ.

References

[1] Mbeki, V. O., & Sandberg, A. T. (2023). Encoder-Decoder Networks: An Application to Tumor Detection. Neural Networks. https://doi.org/10.7409/i331726.2018.6546

[2] Reinholt, I. P., Serrano, O. A., Khedkar, L. D., & Pappas, J. N. (2022). Capsule Networks for Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. https://doi.org/10.5514/z238187.2016.1158

[3] Jain, M., & Srihari, A. (2024). Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithm in Intrusion Detection Systems: A Review Using Binary Logistic Regression. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.13 Issue.10, October- 2024, pg. 45-53

[4] Kaushik, P., Jain, M., & Shah, A. (2018). A Low Power Low Voltage CMOS Based Operational Transconductance Amplifier for Biomedical Application. https://ijsetr.com/uploads/136245IJSETR17012-283.pdf

[5] Leung, W. A., & Fedorov, K. J. “Vision Transformers: An Application to Data Augmentation,” Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 149-183, 2022, doi: 10.1197/m190283.2015.1467.

[6] Kaushik, P.; Jain, M.: Design of low power CMOS low pass filter for biomedical application. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. (IJEET) 9(5) (2018)

[7] Kowalski, C. O., & Novak, O. E. “Attention-Based Networks for Tumor Detection in Clinical Diagnostics,” Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 255-279, 2021, doi: 10.8806/c456800.2016.1689.

[8] Kaushik, P., & Jain, M. A Low Power SRAM Cell for High Speed Applications Using 90nm Technology. Csjournals. Com, 10. https://www.csjournals.com/IJEE/PDF10- 2/66.%20Puneet.pdf

[9] Rossi, V. N., Karlsson, S. E., & Ghosh, V. D. (2018). A Comparative Study of Ensemble Deep Learning for Scene Understanding. Neural Computing and Applications. https://doi.org/10.9424/z851428.2016.6173

[10] Puneet Kaushik, Mohit Jain. ―A Low Power SRAM Cell for High Speed Applications Using 90nm Technology.‖ Csjournals.Com 10, no. 2 (December 2018): 6.https://www.csjournals.com/IJEE/PDF10- 2/66.%20Puneet.pdf

[11] Mohit Jain, Adit Shah (2024). Anomaly Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). ESP International Journal of Advancements in Computational Technology. https://www.espjournals.org/IJACT/2024/Volume2-Issue3/IJACT-V2I3P102.pdf

[12] Ivanov, H. D., & Ortega, T. P. “Transfer Learning for Fraud Detection in Neuroimaging,” Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 181-192, 2022, doi: 10.4086/y700795.2016.4656.

[13] Puneet Kaushik, Mohit Jain, Aman Jain, “A Pixel-Based Digital Medical Images Protection Using Genetic Algorithm,” International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ISSN 0974-2166 Volume 11, Number 1, pp. 31-37, (2018).

[14] Kowalski, L. S., & Brandt, E. W. (2021). Graph Neural Networks for Feature Extraction in Autonomous Driving. Neural Computing and Applications, 26(1), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.9784/e426703.2021.2819

[15] Kaushik, P., Jain, M., & Shah, A. (2018). A Low Power Low Voltage CMOS Based Operational Transconductance Amplifier for Biomedical Application.

[16] Jain, M., & Arjun Srihari. (2024b). Comparison of Machine Learning Models for Stress Detection from Sensor Data Using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 12(12), 1775–1792. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v12i12.ec02

[17] Delgado, K. G., & Feng, A. A. (2016). A Comparative Study of Graph Neural Networks for Data Augmentation. Scientific Reports, 33(2), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.5410/e881438.2023.6164

[18] Mohit Jain, Arjun Srihari (2024). Comparison of Machine Learning Models for Stress Detection from Sensor Data Using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). https://ijsrm.net/index.php/ijsrm/article/view/5912/3680 https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v12i12.ec02

[19] Andersson, J. N., Feng, H. S., Brandt, S. M., & Fischer, R. V. (2022). Knowledge Distillation for Image Segmentation in Surveillance Systems. Neurocomputing. https://doi.org/10.6203/d427078.2021.5598

[20] Puneet Kaushik, Mohit Jain. ―A Low Power SRAM Cell for High Speed ApplicationsUsing 90nm Technology.‖ Csjournals.Com 10, no. 2 (December 2018): 6.https://www.csjournals.com/IJEE/PDF10-2/66.%20Puneet.pdf

[21] Jain, M., & Arjun Srihari. (2024). Comparison of CAD Detection of Mammogram with SVM and CNN. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 8(6), 63–75. https://www.irejournals.com/paper-details/1706647

[22] Garofalo, H. L., Chowdhury, M. W., & Ortega, E. C. (2015). Multi-Scale Feature Fusion: An Application to Image Segmentation. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 24(11), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.7315/q629700.2019.5294

[23] Jain, M., & None Arjun Srihari. (2023). House price prediction with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences, 8(1), 405–415. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.8.1.0048

[24] Reinholt, R. P., Delgado, O. M., Vargas, W. V., & Wagner, N. R. (2021). Capsule Networks: An Application to Fraud Detection. Medical Image Analysis, 49(3), 378–418. https://doi.org/10.8953/h996824.2024.5675

[25] Jain, M., & Shah, A. (2022). Machine Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in Seismology for Earthquake Prediction. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 5(8), 389–398. https://www.irejournals.com/paper-details/1707057

[26] Escobar, D. E., Kobayashi, H. S., Toledo, F. R., & Haddad, F. C. (2023). Lightweight Convolutional Networks for Pose Estimation in Surveillance Systems. Journal of Machine Learning Research. https://doi.org/10.9117/v488781.2021.7638

[27] Jain, M., & Srihari, A. (2021). Comparison of CAD detection of mammogram with SVM and CNN. IRE Journals, 8(6), 63-75. https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1706647.pdf

[28] Vargas, D. I., & Sokolov, O. G. “A Comparative Study of U-Shaped Convolutional Networks for Signal Reconstruction,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 186-213, 2023, doi: 10.9300/q119455.2021.5313.

[29] Mohit Jain and Arjun Srihari (2023). House price prediction with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). https://wjaets.com/sites/default/files/WJAETS-2023-0048.pdf [Crossref]

[30] Berg, B. R., & Brandt, E. L. (2019). Generative Adversarial Networks for Signal Reconstruction in Smart Manufacturing. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 4(1), 206–241. https://doi.org/10.6108/d928395.2020.7842

[31] Chowdhury, N. L., & Ibrahim, G. M. (2020). Graph Neural Networks for Scene Understanding in Clinical Diagnostics. Knowledge-Based Systems. https://doi.org/10.1369/p512079.2019.6565

[32] Larsson, O. L., Cho, I. W., Saito, S. C., & Costa, W. V. (2023). Capsule Networks for Image Classification in Healthcare Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2226.82790. https://arxiv.org/abs/2226.82790

[33] Kobayashi, S. A., & Mercado, A. F. (2019). Vision Transformers for Intrusion Detection in Precision Agriculture. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1328/n635244.2017.4129

[34] Kaushik, P., & Jain, M. A Low Power SRAM Cell for High Speed Applications Using 90nm Technology. Csjournals. Com, 10. https://www.csjournals.com/IJEE/PDF10-2/66.%20Puneet.pdf [Crossref]

[35] Sharabi, G. N., Takahashi, S. N., & Yamamoto, E. F. (2018). Federated Learning: An Application to Image Registration. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 61(3), 44–79. https://doi.org/10.8238/b971911.2018.9392

[36] Fedorov, H. P., Nascimento, C. A., & Petrov, G. M. (2020). A Comparative Study of Federated Learning for Disease Classification. Scientific Reports, 38(12), 156–175. https://doi.org/10.1587/l402765.2018.5023

[37] Kaushik P, Jain M, Jain A (2018) A pixel-based digital medical images protection using genetic algorithm. Int J Electron Commun Eng 11:31–37

[38] Mohit Jain and Adit Shah (2021). Convolutional neural networks for real-time object detection with raspberry Pi. https://wjaets.com/sites/default/files/WJAETS-2021-0067.pdf. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2021.4.1.0067 [Crossref]

[39] Suzuki, E. M., & Leung, L. R. (2018). A Comparative Study of Transfer Learning for Object Detection. Neural Computing and Applications. https://doi.org/10.9796/y878620.2017.9912

[40] Jain, M., & Shah, A. (2020). A multi-modal CNN framework for integrating medical imaging for COVID-19 Diagnosis. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 8(3), 475–493. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.3.0418

[41] Kallas, L. J., Rasmussen, E. M., & Serrano, G. H. (2024). U-Shaped Convolutional Networks for Tumor Detection in Medical Imaging. Applied Soft Computing. https://doi.org/10.5166/u839404.2021.2306

[42] Wojcik, L. O., Toledo, W. I., & Pappas, O. I. “Bayesian Deep Learning: An Application to Medical Image Synthesis,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 91-116, 2021, doi: 10.2069/o105900.2016.8603.

[43] Nascimento, P. E., Mercado, P. I., Sharabi, H. O., & Leung, B. O. (2018). Transfer Learning: An Application to Signal Reconstruction. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 44(12), 300–334. https://doi.org/10.5814/k177290.2023.7993

[44] Kaushik, P. (2018). STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF IMAGE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM BASED ON ARNOLD TRANSFORMATION. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of COMPUTER ENGINEERING and TECHNOLOGY (IJCET), 9(5), 59–63. https://iaeme.com/Home/article_id/IJCET_09_05_008

[45] Leung, W. L., & Fedorov, E. G. (2015). Vision Transformers for Scene Understanding in Smart Manufacturing. Sensors, 60(5), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.3883/o416277.2016.4949

[46] Kaushik, P., & Jain, M. (2018). Design of low power CMOS low pass filter for biomedical application. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), 9(5).

[47] Toledo, E. H., Novak, V. G., & Fischer, F. F. “A Comparative Study of A Hybrid CNN-Transformer Model for Disease Classification,” Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 254-294, 2021, doi: 10.7298/c785028.2020.6046.

[48] Andric, O. L., Ibrahim, F. A., & Andersson, S. C. (2022). Contrastive Representation Learning: An Application to Intrusion Detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 48(6), 353–392. https://doi.org/10.3266/n850437.2017.9846

[49] Kang, S. H., Navarro, V. M., Radovanovic, E. J., & Grigoriev, P. C. “Spatiotemporal Deep Networks for Scene Understanding in Clinical Diagnostics,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 62-74, 2020, doi: 10.1587/v911066.2019.6195.

[50] Oliveira, T. D., Silva, T. W., Volkov, K. K., & Almeida, L. L. (2018). Vision Transformers: An Application to Motion Prediction. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.2789/n813594.2020.8803

[51] Mohit Jain | Puneet Kaushik | Adit Shah "Comparison of VGG16 and VGG19 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Layers on MRI Brain Tumor Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-1, December 2016, pp.275-280, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd3542.pdf [Crossref]

[52] Tanaka, E. J., Navarro, K. R., Petrov, C. T., & Yamamoto, V. S. (2024). Lightweight Convolutional Networks: An Application to Image Denoising. arXiv preprint arXiv:2121.97674. https://arxiv.org/abs/2121.97674

[53] Fedorov, B. E., Okafor, I. T., Serrano, S. V., & Cho, V. R. (2023). U-Shaped Convolutional Networks: An Application to Feature Extraction. Information Sciences. https://doi.org/10.8938/y618536.2021.5162

How to cite this paper

Sandra Okoro, Daniel Kim, Aarav Sethi "A Lightweight Hybrid IDS for Fog-Enabled IoT: Integrating Deep Sequence Models with Rule-Based Filtering" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 8 Issue 5 2024 Page 1620-1625 https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV8I5-1722544
Sandra Okoro, Daniel Kim, Aarav Sethi "A Lightweight Hybrid IDS for Fog-Enabled IoT: Integrating Deep Sequence Models with Rule-Based Filtering" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 8, no. 5, Nov. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV8I5-1722544
Sandra Okoro, Daniel Kim, Aarav Sethi (2024). A Lightweight Hybrid IDS for Fog-Enabled IoT: Integrating Deep Sequence Models with Rule-Based Filtering. Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 8(5). doi: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV8I5-1722544
Sandra Okoro, Daniel Kim, Aarav Sethi "A Lightweight Hybrid IDS for Fog-Enabled IoT: Integrating Deep Sequence Models with Rule-Based Filtering" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 8, no. 5, Nov. 2024. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV8I5-1722544
@article{1722544,
      author = {Sandra Okoro, Daniel Kim, Aarav Sethi},
      title = {A Lightweight Hybrid IDS for Fog-Enabled IoT: Integrating Deep Sequence Models with Rule-Based Filtering},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2024},
      volume = {8},
      number = {5},
      pages = {1620-1625},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1722544.pdf},
      abstract = {This paper describes a lightweight hybrid IDS for fog-enabled IoT that places a fast rule-based pre-filter at the edge and a BiLSTM-CNN sequence model at the fog layer. The pre-filter discards obvious benign and clearly malicious flows so the deeper model only processes uncertain traffic, cutting both latency and energy. On UNSW-NB15, NSL-KDD, and TON-IoT the design achieves up to 98.6% F1 while keeping per-inference energy below 38 mJ.},
      month = {November},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV8I5-1722544}
  }