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The Politicization of Sacred Spaces in Kenya: Examining the Nexus between Goonism and Political Violence
Subject area: Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities · Area of research: Social Science
DOI: https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I3-1722817
Abstract
This paper examines the politicization of sacred spaces in Kenya, focusing on the nexus between goonism and political violence. Guided by Political Theology theory, the paper interprets sacred spaces as contested arenas where religious authority, political legitimacy, symbolic power, and struggles over access intersect. An interpretivist philosophical paradigm and qualitative multiple case study design were employed. Data were collected exclusively from publicly accessible online documentary sources, including news reports, official security and government communications, religious institutional statements and guidelines, audiovisual materials, and other relevant digital sources covering 2022–2026. The principal advantage of documentary research was its capacity to provide multiple contemporaneous accounts of politically sensitive incidents and enable cross-source verification; its key limitation was that online evidence may be incomplete, politically framed, or insufficient to establish responsibility for particular acts. Purposive case selection and documentary triangulation were used to examine the Ngarariga/Limuru disruption in 2024, PCEA Mwiki and PCEA Kariobangi North incidents in 2025, and Witima ACK Church and All Saints Cathedral incidents in 2026, selected because they represented different manifestations and stages of politicization, organised disruption, and political violence. Documentary source saturation determined the adequacy of the documentary corpus. Data were analyzed thematically through cross case comparison, with attention to political mobilization, organized coercion, violence, institutional responses, and the evidentiary status of competing claims. Findings demonstrate that politicization occurs along a continuum from legitimate political participation, civic engagement, and peace building to political messaging, patronage, contested access, organized disruption, intimidation, and violence. The evidence does not establish an automatic relationship between political engagement and violence. Rather, it indicates that goonism can function as an escalation mechanism where politically significant sacred spaces become sites of competing claims over access, visibility, and legitimacy and organized groups employ coercive methods. The paper concludes that sacred spaces become particularly vulnerable when political competition intersects with organized coercion and contested institutional boundaries. It recommends strengthening religious institutional autonomy, maintaining clear boundaries governing partisan political activity, improving coordination between religious and security institutions, and ensuring impartial investigation and accountability for violence.
Keywords
Sacred Spaces, Politicization, Goonism, Political Violence, Political Theology and Religious Institutions
How to cite this paper
@article{1722817,
author = {Ignatius Wafula Sikuku, Benjamin Wafula Werunga, Martin Otundo Richard , Elizabeth N. Mabele, Margaret Nanjala Matisi},
title = {The Politicization of Sacred Spaces in Kenya: Examining the Nexus between Goonism and Political Violence},
journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
year = {2026},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {483-506},
issn = {2456-8880},
url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1722817.pdf},
abstract = {This paper examines the politicization of sacred spaces in Kenya, focusing on the nexus between goonism and political violence. Guided by Political Theology theory, the paper interprets sacred spaces as contested arenas where religious authority, political legitimacy, symbolic power, and struggles over access intersect. An interpretivist philosophical paradigm and qualitative multiple case study design were employed. Data were collected exclusively from publicly accessible online documentary sources, including news reports, official security and government communications, religious institutional statements and guidelines, audiovisual materials, and other relevant digital sources covering 2022–2026. The principal advantage of documentary research was its capacity to provide multiple contemporaneous accounts of politically sensitive incidents and enable cross-source verification; its key limitation was that online evidence may be incomplete, politically framed, or insufficient to establish responsibility for particular acts. Purposive case selection and documentary triangulation were used to examine the Ngarariga/Limuru disruption in 2024, PCEA Mwiki and PCEA Kariobangi North incidents in 2025, and Witima ACK Church and All Saints Cathedral incidents in 2026, selected because they represented different manifestations and stages of politicization, organised disruption, and political violence. Documentary source saturation determined the adequacy of the documentary corpus. Data were analyzed thematically through cross case comparison, with attention to political mobilization, organized coercion, violence, institutional responses, and the evidentiary status of competing claims. Findings demonstrate that politicization occurs along a continuum from legitimate political participation, civic engagement, and peace building to political messaging, patronage, contested access, organized disruption, intimidation, and violence. The evidence does not establish an automatic relationship between political engagement and violence. Rather, it indicates that goonism can function as an escalation mechanism where politically significant sacred spaces become sites of competing claims over access, visibility, and legitimacy and organized groups employ coercive methods. The paper concludes that sacred spaces become particularly vulnerable when political competition intersects with organized coercion and contested institutional boundaries. It recommends strengthening religious institutional autonomy, maintaining clear boundaries governing partisan political activity, improving coordination between religious and security institutions, and ensuring impartial investigation and accountability for violence.},
keywords = {Sacred Spaces, Politicization, Goonism, Political Violence, Political Theology and Religious Institutions},
month = {September},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I3-1722817}
}