Development of Sustainable Organocatalytic and Photocatalytic Methods for Selective Carbon–Carbon and Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation

@article{1723027,
      author = {Dr. K. S. Lamani},
      title = {Development of Sustainable Organocatalytic and Photocatalytic Methods for Selective Carbon–Carbon and Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {8},
      number = {9},
      pages = {2079-2088},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1723027.pdf},
      abstract = {In organic synthesis, one of the primary goals remains the creation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds due to the fact that these bonds form the framework and diversity essential for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, natural products, polymers and advanced functional materials where carbon-nitrogen, carbon-oxygen, carbon-sulfur and carbon-phosphorus bonds play significant roles in controlled molecular recognition, reactivity, biology activity and material performance. Conventional methods of forming such bonds may require stoichiometric conditions, harmful solvents, extensive energies, few rare or toxic metals and low yield reactions or generate a significant amount of side-products, which leads to practical difficulties and concerns regard to purification, green chemistry and selection (Anastas & Warner, 1998; Sheldon, 2017). In contrast, the complementary methods of organocatalysis and photocatalysis has come into being to circumvent such drawbacks that can be achieved through the assistance of organocatalysts or light energy. On the one hand, organic catalysts act through Brnsted acids/bases catalysis or N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, via enamine/iminium activation and hydrogen-bond activation or other activation modes of organic catalyst. On the other hand, photocatalysts mediate reactions by light through the excited state and reactive species or electron transfer process at relatively gentle conditions (Dalko & Moisan, 2004; Melchiorre, 2018). Therefore, herein we present a conceptual sustainable model framework, combining organic catalysis, photocatalysis, hydrogen-bond catalysis, enamine/iminium activation, N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, radical mediated bond formation strategy and selected reaction mediums together with optimized strategies including minimizing solvent utilization and energy inputs, together with computation, mechanics research and green chemistry metrics as additional tools. Emphasis is particularly placed on designing highly effective catalysis that ensures high conversion, yield, chemo selectivity, regioselectivity, enantioselectivity, while minimum the loading of catalyst, generated hazardous waste, depended of metals and non-necessary chemical synthesis steps/operations. Contribution aims at creating a conceptual methodology toward selective C-C and C-heteroatom bond constructions by molecular catalysis and visible light mediation with sustain process design that is expected to benefit organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, natural-product and materials science fields. However, all the proposed models must be critically examined via mechanistic studies, lifecycle analysis, experiments tests etc before any claims regarding to their industrial sustain can be warranted.},
      keywords = {Organocatalysis; Photocatalysis; Carbon–carbon bond formation; Carbon–heteroatom bond formation; Green chemistry; Visible-light synthesis; Sustainable organic synthesis; Asymmetric catalysis},
      month = {March},
  }